Jailed & Stuck Essays - Family, Gender, Marriage, Trifles

Jailed & Stuck Jailed and Stuck The authors Kate Chopin of ?Desiree's Baby? and Susan Glaspell of Trifles present a caste system of the 19th century. They both focus upon the theme of the inferiority of women with respect to marriage, gender, and prospective positions in a caste system of society. Actually, these two authors can be thought of as feminists of their times. Surely, many readers thought that these two authors were very liberal in their writing. Many of today's readers would be in agreement of the women's plight of past times. In each of the stories, the women characters are inferior to their husband counterparts. In ?Desiree's Baby,? Desiree knows she must believe and follow her marriage vows of ?honor, obey, and respect.? When Armand listens to gossip and does not inquire further, he believes his wife is not a white woman. He shuns both her and the baby. Desiree asks him, ?Shall I go, Armand? Do you want me to go? (Chopin 359). She finally leaves with the child without any pleading or begging for justice or explanation but out of consent. In addition, the characterization of Armand points to his dominance over his wife. This is seen when Desiree realizes ?a strange, an awful change in her husband's manner, which she dared not ask him to explain? (358). During this time, women were forbidden to question their husbands. In Trifles, Mrs. Peters is said to be ?the sheriff's wife? and ?married to the law? (Glaspell 65). She is unimportant and belonging to the sheriff more like property that one owns. This tolerance of being dominated by her male husband is emphasized by Mrs. Peters stating to Mrs. Hale, ?But Mrs. Hale, the law is the law? (61). Her husband makes the law for everyone and for her. She does not question him. Glaspell describes Minnie Foster, later known as Mrs. Wright, as happy when she was young. She dressed nicely, she sang in a choir, and she was out in society a great deal. Her husband, Mr. Wright, is characterized as being like a hermit, ?saying folks talked too much anyway? when referring to buying a telephone (57). Once Mrs.Wright married Mr. Wright, she obeys him and ends up changing her whole lifestyle. The other husbands' wives notice her change saying ?she used to wear pretty clothes and be lively, when she was Minnie Foster, one of the town girls singing in the choir. But that?oh, that was thirty years ago? (60). Because these women were thought of as the ?wives,? they were told what to do, when to do it, and how to do it by their husbands. The husbands, because of their gender, see themselves as the authority figures. They do not value any of the women's opinions, thoughts, or even intelligence too highly in these stories because of the women's gender. In ?Desiree's Baby,? the baby is determined to be black; one of the parents is black. Armand sort of takes the initiative and declares himself, who is of nobility and master of the plantation by gender not to be the one tainted with the inferior bloodline. This only leaves Desiree, who does not really know her background. However, it does not matter. Desiree, being female, assumes the guilt and gets no chance to explain, or to seek explanation. This is significant because the one who actually had the black heritage was Armand. In Trifles, the men criticize the women's thoughts and opinions. The men even make fun of the women. When the women are talking about the fruit, the sheriff says, ?Well, can you beat the women! Held for murder and worryin' about her preserves? (58). Mr. Hale also says, ?Well, women are used to worrying over trifles,? about the same situation. Neither man fully comes to understand the significance of the women's opinions nor thinks that the women could add anything to help solve the case at hand. The reader realizes that the women, with their opinions and thoughts, are the ones who actually figure out the how, who, and why of the murder. Because of the women's gender, the men in these patriarchal societies in each story do not fully realize the women's' values or intelligence. When looking closer, one can see that the wives in these marriages are also restricted to being homemakers and mothers. The males agree that there was not much more for

White Bengal Tiger essays

White Bengal Tiger essays The White Bengal Tiger, also known by its scientific name of Leo Tigris, is a very large animal that is currently on the endangered species list. White Bengal Tigers can grow up to 10 feet long and weigh between 400 and 575 pounds. The tigers live in many different habitats and prey on many different types of food. The White Bengal Tiger usually lives in groups of six or less but have been known to travel in pacts of up to 20 tigers. The White Bengal Tiger is known to live in many different types of habitats. Some habitats in which they are known to live is dense forest, grasslands and rain forests. The tigers like the forest habitat due to the ample cover for its secretive methods of hunting. The grassland habitat is a choice for the tigers because there is a wide choice of food for them to choose from. The White Bengal Tiger has many different types of foods it likes to eat. They hunt and eat wild deer, cattle and pigs along with frogs, antelopes, jungle bison, young elephants, wild boar, moose, Indian buffalo, rhinoceros, crabs, turtles, fish, lizards, small birds, locusts, fish, and carrion. Due to the White Bengal Tigers enormous size, it is not uncommon for them to eat up anywhere from 40 to 80 pounds of food at a single meal. The tigers usually hunt and kill its prey twice a week and that is all until the next week. The determination of the tigers is incredible. Sometimes a tiger chases 20 different animals before the tiger finally catches its prey. A tiger that has young cubs is even more determined so she may catch one out of every five animals chased. The White Bengal Tiger is not the fastest animal only being able to run at its top speed for roughly 33 yards but its jumping capabilities supersede all else due to the White Bengal Tiger being able to leap a whopping 30 fe et. The White Bengal Tiger is white in color and therefore often has a hard time blending in with its natural su ...

Circumstances and causes around language death and if its changed over Research Paper

Circumstances and causes around language death and if its changed over the years - Research Paper Example 2). This paper discusses the phenomenon of language death, and examines what causes it. Using the example of Canada, the circumstances which help and hinder this process are discussed. It has been noted that language is a very big factor in the formation and sustaining of identity, and that there is therefore a link between the survival of aboriginal languages and the general wellbeing of individuals and of the aboriginal community as a whole. This finding has been substantiated by a recent empirical studies in Canada, where there are some communities which have preserved indigenous languages alongside other communities where the indigenous language has is no longer spoken: â€Å"The common theme that cuts across all of the research efforts is that any threat to the persistence of personal or cultural identity poses a counterpart threat to individual and community wellbeing.† (Hallet et al., 2007, p. 393). Specific analysis of suicide rates in young people found that there is a correlation between the death of the original language in the local community, and suicide among young people. The reason why this should be the case appears to be the fact that there is a strong connection between language, culture and identity. Young people who grow up without being able to speak the language of their ancestors, or even that of their grandparents, experience alienation from their own culture, and this causes a rise in public health problems. Using the analogy of a â€Å"coalminer’s canary† Hallet et al. show how youth suicide can be a marker of cultural distress, and how this is related to language death. In communities where the indigenous language is not being passed on to the young, suicide rates are higher. The case of Canada is an interesting one, because there is still today a large variety of experience occurring in terms of the way indigenous languages have prospered or died off within a country that operates predominantly in English and Fr ench at the national level. In an article from the mid 1980s the examples of North American/Canadian Indian languages Micmac and Maliseet are used to illustrate the way that a whole world view is built into the very structure of the language, including concepts of time, the physical environment, the weather and personal relations. (Leavitt, 1985, p. 266) The indigenous culture embraces time as a continuous process, rather than fixed blocks, while the physical environment is perceived in relation to the speaker, and not to arbitrary compass directions. Weather is spoken of in terms of on-going actions, while relationships are ordered in complex subject/object interactional forms. These structural forms are closely connected with the landscape and lifestyle of the indigenous nomadic societies of previous centuries. The death of such a language causes a dislocation of the community from its traditional understanding of all these key areas, and this, it seems, is why language death caus es so much cultural stress. One proposed cause of language death is the â€Å"killer language† theory. It is proposed that a language which is attached to powerful national or international forces can sweep over an area and wipe out all other languages in its path. Examples such as the imposition of European

Ethical Hacking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethical Hacking - Research Paper Example An ethical hacker will attempt to hack his way through a company’s internet security system so that any weaknesses within it can be found. Companies, which use ethical hackers, do so in order to boost their security against individuals whose aim might be to bypass its security system for malicious purposes. There are, however, rules, which should be strictly followed in order for this hacking procedure to be considered ethical. The first of these is that the hacker must only conduct the hacking if he has been given permission to do so by the company’s management and this requires that he be given a written consent, in case of any issues that may arise later. Secondly, the ethical hacker must be able to ensure that he does not violate the privacy of the individuals or the company for who he is working, and should instead only deal with the security issues that are encountered. The hacker must ensure that all the security vulnerabilities that the company has are reported to its administration so that the necessary steps can be taken to secure the company’s network from malicious hackers. ... It is a situation where the ethical values concerning hacking are judged not by the normal definitions of the actions but through its positive aspects. Using this definition, it can be stated that the morals are no longer absolute when dealing with matters concerning hacking, because it is no longer necessarily a matter of its being malicious, but also of its being used for the enhancement of network security (Langley, 2005). A good number of the proponents of this theory believe that morality can now be used to describe hacking, since there are those who might do it for good as well as malicious purposes. The fact that ethical hacking has now become a part of the normal corporate life should not be underestimated since ethical hackers have now become an integral part of the fight against illegal and malicious hacking. The realization of this fact is one of the reasons why many companies are increasingly employing ethical hackers in order to protect their systems (Palmer, 2001). One of the advantages of ethical hacking is the fact that a broad range of threats are realized early and steps are taken to repair them. Since there are a wide variety of network threats from hackers, it is easier for a company, through ethical hacking, to deal with these threats before they become unmanageable, or before any damage to the network is done. Moreover, ethical hacking promotes the fact that not all hackers are malicious and that in fact, there are those hackers out there who can be used as a force of good through their helping to protect vulnerable network systems from malicious hackers (O'Boyle, 2002). Since it is the society which judges what is right or wrong, the it is therefore easier to categorize hackers in such a way that there

How to bee agood leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How to bee agood leader - Essay Example My research has shown me that task oriented skills as well as communication and interpersonal skills are very much necessary for effective team leadership. Similarly, facilitating the group processes is a significant role of the team leader and timely execution of the task necessitates proper planning, organization, coordination, decision making and problem solving skills, motivation, and sharing of roles from the part of the team leader. Besides, as a team leader I should be a good listener and communicator. I need to communicate my visions to the team members while listening to their valuable suggestions. As my major is in electrical engineering I would prefer to assume a team leader position in electrical engineering. I am aware that electrical engineering involves a lot of technical skills and that collaborative team work is very much essential while undertaking complex projects. Being a team leader is quite challenging as it offers one a unique opportunity to exercise one’s leadership qualities, communication, interpersonal and persuasive skills. For me, it is like a dream come true as I have always yearned to assume a leadership role where I can unleash my potentials. An effective team leader, in my opinion, understands the potentialities and competencies of his team members and inspires them to achieve the organizational goal. The team is most likely to benefit from my leadership as I am aware of the team processes and will make all possible efforts to expand the team capabilities through collaborative team work. Promotion as the workplace team leader has, in fact, increased my responsibilities and roles within the organization and this has prompted me to have greater understanding of the essential qualities of an effective team leader. Bachiochi et al, while reviewing the literature on team leadership, point out a number of qualities required of a successful team

Strategies of Value Creation

Strategies of Value Creation Value Creation The idea of value creation is to capitalise on what, as an organisation, you already possess. The organisation may be a business, a school, a corporation, a government department – anywhere, in fact, where the main asset of the company is the people within it. Establishing value creation as a way of life for both managers and workers can help define the role of each more precisely, whilst simultaneously making both feel more integrated and involved within the day to day running of a place of work. Making everyone within an organisation feel that they are more than just ‘cogs in a wheel’ establishes a new feeling of unity and cooperation in organisations and can be a great asset in moving a company or other organisation forward because if everyone feels that they are part of the decision-making process then carrying out the aftermath of those decisions is more likely to be successful. In the modern business world, then, it makes sense to learn how value creation can be implemented. So What is ‘Value Creation’? Value creation, aligned with value based management, is the amalgamation of established organisational principles such as planning, performance, management and communication, with the fundamental principle that all members of an organisation have an important role to play in all aspects of the running of the organisation. Of course, this must be handled extremely carefully because management techniques are not dispensed with in the implementation of value creation, they are adapted to it. Therefore, the first thing to look at when considering the implementation of a policy of value creation, which has proved itself to be both financially and personally beneficial, is to consider how this alters the role of the manager. Implementing Value Creation It has been established that in order to implement successful value creation, senior management has to be fully committed to the project. This means that the role of the manager in the implementation of value creation is crucial. The successful manager as defined within the terms of value creation needs to possess the following qualities: They must show themselves to be committed to the idea of value creation in both words and actions They must communicate clearly and comprehensively how they envisage the entire organisation assimilating the concept of value creation They must demonstrate flexibility in order to accommodate value creation but must also maintain a strong focus for the workforce They must show how they see value creation as beneficial to the entire organisation. Tip: When implementing value creation, ensure not only that the entire management team is committed to the idea of value creation but that they are seen to be so. Integrating value creation requires that a new approach be adopted by management in key areas such as: Budgeting Planning Performance measurement Training When implementing value management, all of the above need to be rethought so that the workforce is engaged in the process from top to bottom. What you are aiming to do in all of these key areas is to shift the emphasis from ‘manager’ to ‘owner’ as conceptualised throughout the organisation: in short, everyone needs to feel that they are an important, valid and vital member of the team. Tip: Value creation succeeds or fails on the idea that every single member of an organisation is involved with it. Therefore, the main thrust when initiating value creation is to convey the idea that separation is an outmoded idea. Making Value Creation Permanent After the initial enthusiasm, especially by senior management, towards value creation as an ethos, research has shown that it is all too easy for organisations to slip back into previous ‘management versus workforce’ divisions. This destroys any progress made during the implementation process and also any accompanying successes achieved at that time. Even if there is only a partial retrenchment, the cracks will quickly spread and the whole edifice collapse, perhaps creating more fragmentation than before the implementation of a policy of value creation. This means that once implemented, value creation must be maintained. Everyone within the company thus needs to be aware of the importance of their role within it and how they can make any worries or concerns known as value creation becomes a way of life as natural as breathing. Tip: Make each person aware that their role in value creation is ongoing and that if they feel the organisation is regressing, they have channels via which they can make their feelings known. Some Final Points on Value Creation Make it plain from the start that senior management is committed to the idea of value creation for the good of the whole organisation. Ensure that management make their commitment obvious to the workforce by deeds as well as words. Ensure that the ethos of value creation is reflected in the key organisational principles of the company, such as budgeting, planning, performance measurement and training: it must come to seem to be a way of life. Make sure that once implemented, value creation remains constant and that each and every member of the company feels involved at every single stage. Try to ensure that the idea of value creation is fully embraced by each and every member of the team and that everyone feels like an owner not a worker. Embrace the idea of value creation not just as a way of getting more from employees in terms of profit but also in terms of morale. When a person feels valued, it is a proven fact that they are a greater asset to the organisation of which they are a part. When this is extended, via the ethos of value creation, to involve the individual members of a team with the decision making and goals of the team as a whole, the success of the organisation increases too. Thus, the successful organisation of the future needs to embrace the idea of value creation with enthusiasm.

Liability of Vessels for Collisions Caused at Sea: Case Study Essay

In the given case study a dispute will arise between the four parties to determine the liability of each vessel for multiple collisions caused at sea. In summary, the facts are that the Flipper was crossing the Britannia Straits traffic separation scheme but was not making proper use of the crossing points. The Willie, a bulk oil carrier which was adhering to the scheme, spotted the Flipper and foresaw the risk of collision so the captain issued a series of warnings. The Flipper ignored these warnings thinking she had enough time to pass. The Willie, realising she was being ignored made a turn for starboard creating a wash which capsized the Flipper and a nearby yacht. Moments later the Orca, which was insufficiently crewed and had faulty navigation equipment collided with the semi-submerged Flipper. The captain of the Orca refused salvage assistance thinking he could return the ship to the port for repairs himself. However, the vessel sunk before it could reach safety. In this essay I am going to advise all four parties as to their likely liability for the collision and the defences and counter claims available. In doing this I will make reference to the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972 (hereafter referred to as the collision regulations) and the common and statute law regarding causation. By advising the parties according to these legal instruments they can determine their likely liability in court. I will start by establishing which vessels caused the collisions. It should be noted that although it was the misconduct of the crew members that led to the collision, the ship owner will still be held vicariously liable unless he can prove the acts of the crew constituted a ‘frolic of their own’, s... ... from its collision with the Flipper was still the operating cause of the sinking therefore the Flipper and the Willie must also bear some liability. In conclusion it is likely that the courts will apportion liability as such; the Flipper and the Willie will be found 80% and 20% liable respectively. However, if it is proved that the Willie acted on scanty radar information in breach of regulation 7(c) then the likely apportionment will be 50/50 as both vessels would equally be responsible for the collision. This is liability for damage caused to the Flipper, the Willie and the private yacht. The owners of the Orca are likely to take the bulk of responsibility for their own collision as the acts of the other vessels are far too remote for them to assume responsibility, liability is likely to be apportioned at 90% to the Orca and 10% between the Flipper and Willie.

Based God Life Essay

Brandon McCartney grew up in Berkeley, California, and attended high school at Albany High in Albany. He adopted the name Lil B, and began rapping at age 16 with San Francisco Bay Area based hip hop group The Pack. After two locally successful mixtapes, at the peak of the Bay Area’s hyphy movement, the group’s song â€Å"Vans† became a surprise hit. The song was ranked as the fifth best of 2006 by Rolling Stone magazine.[5] The strength of â€Å"Vans† led the group to release Skateboards 2 Scrapers, featuring a â€Å"Vans† remix with Bay Area rappers Too $hort and Mistah F.A.B.. In 2007, Lil B and The Pack released its first album, Based Boys. Solo success (2010–present) Aside from his involvement with The Pack, Lil B garnered popularity through the use of social media Web sites. He created over 155 MySpace pages in order to upload all of his music. He recorded over 1,500 tracks as of July 2010, including hits â€Å"Like A Martian,† â€Å"Wonton Soup,† â€Å"Pretty Bitch,† and â€Å"I’m God.†,[6] all of which were released for free. Lil B had apparently signed with Amalgam Digital in 2010 for a multiple album deal.[7][8] However, he appears to have only released one record through the label, and his subsequent records were released independently either through mixtape hosting website DatPiff, or iTunes. Slate columnist Jonah Weiner labeled him as one of a â€Å"growing number of weird-o emcees†, calling him a â€Å"brilliantly warped, post-Lil Wayne deconstructionist from the Bay Area†.[9] Lil B released Angels Exodus, on January 18, 2011, through Amalgam Digital, although he had previously released Rain In England on CD and Vinyl through Weird Forest Records in September 2010. On August 11, 2012, Lil B stated through his Facebook that the only official album he has released was the album Choices and Flowers under his alias â€Å"The BasedGod.† He said that all other releases by him are mixtapes and that he is currently working on his first official Lil B studio album.[10] Before the first Lil B album comes out he will release a rock album.[11] He has since stated he is working on a new album as â€Å"The BasedGod† called â€Å"Tears 4 God†, which was released on December 30 2012.[12] Controversy I’m Gay album When Lil B released his fifth album, titled I’m Gay, he received several death threats. Although he is heterosexual, he says the title is a message of support to the LGBT community. Referring to the original definition of gay, he says he is gay because he is happy.[13] Feud with Game In 2011, after hearing a verse from Lil B on the Lil Wayne mixtape Sorry 4 the Wait, Compton rapper Game referred to Lil B as the â€Å"wackest rapper of all time.† Lil B responded by calling Game â€Å"irrelevant,† to which Game then threatened Lil B.[14] Several weeks later, the two settled their differences through Twitter after which Lil B urged fans to purchase Game’s album The R.E.D. Album.[15] Feud with Joey Bada$$ Lil B took offense to rapper, and member of Pro Era, Capital Steez’s lyrics in Joey Bada$$’ song â€Å"Survival Tactics.† In this, he raps â€Å"They say hard work pays off / well tell the BasedGod don’t quit his day job.† Lil B responded with a song titled â€Å"I’m The Bada$$.† Joey Bada$$ then responded with a song titled â€Å"Don’t Quit Your Day Job!†.[16] A Lil B fan-group identifying as â€Å"Task Force† later prompted Joey Bada$$ to remove his twitter[17], which he later reactivated. Style Musical critic Willy Staley described Lil B’s work as â€Å"variegated†, because it ranges from critical parodies of the hip-hop genre to â€Å"half new age, half spoken word†. He further notes that Lil B draws from a large variety of genres, especially those not commonly used by other rappers. In an interview with Staley, Lil B agrees with this analys

The Typical Diet of a Polar Bear

The Typical Diet of a Polar Bear Polar bears are often common in the mainstream media and get a lot of attention due to their threatened populations. In addition to questions about their habitat, you may wonder what they eat? Polar bears are one of the largest bear species (many sources say they are the largest). They can grow anywhere from 8 feet to 11 feet in height and about 8 feet in length. Polar bears weigh about 500 to 1,700 pounds, and they live the cold Arctic- in parts of Alaska, Canada, Denmark/Greenland, Norway, and Russia. They are large  marine mammals  with a varied appetite. Diet   The preferred prey for polar bears are seals- the species they prey upon most often are ringed seals and bearded seals, two species that are members of the group of seals known as ice seals. They are known as ice seals because they need ice for giving birth, nursing, resting, and finding prey. Ringed seals are one of the most common seal species in the Arctic. They are a small seal that grows to about 5 feet in length and about 150 pounds in weight. They live on top of, and underneath the ice, and use claws on their front flippers to dig breathing holes in the ice. A polar bear will patiently wait for the seal to surface to breathe or climb onto the ice, and then it will swat it with its claws or pounce on it. The polar bear feeds primarily on the seals skin and blubber, leaving the meat and carcass for scavengers. According to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, a polar bear may kill a ringed seal every two to six days. Bearded seals are larger, and grow from 7 feet to 8 feet in length. They weigh 575 to 800 pounds. Polar bears are their main predator. Unlike the more open breathing holes of ringed seals, the breathing holes of bearded seals are capped with ice, which may make them less easy to detect. If their preferred prey isnt available, polar bears will feed on walruses, whale carcasses, or even garbage if they live near humans. Polar bears have a strong sense of smell, which comes in handy for finding prey, even from long distances- and even in cold weather. Predators Do polar bears have predators? Polar bear predators include killer whales (orcas), possibly sharks  and humans. Polar bear cubs may be killed by smaller animals, such as wolves, and other polar bears. References: Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Ringed Seal Species Profile.National Marine Mammal Laboratory. Bearded Seal.Neuberger, A., et. al. Animal Diversity Web. Bearded Seal.

The Impact of Wheeled Vehicles on Human History

The Impact of Wheeled Vehicles on Human History The inventions of the wheel and wheeled vehicles–wagons or carts which are supported and moved around by round wheels–had a profound effect on human economy and society. As a way to efficiently carry goods for long distances, wheeled vehicles allowed for the broadening of trade networks. With access to a wider market, craftspeople could more easily specialize, and communities could expand if there was no need to live close to food production areas. In a very real sense, wheeled vehicles facilitated periodic farmers markets. Not all changes brought by wheeled vehicles were good ones, however: With the wheel, imperialist elites were able to expand their range of control, and wars could be waged farther afield. Key Takeaways: Invention of the Wheel The earliest evidence for wheel use is that of drawings on clay tablets, found nearly simultaneously throughout the Mediterranean region about 3500 BCE.  Parallel innovations dated about the same time as the wheeled vehicle are the domestication of the horse and prepared trackways.  Wheeled vehicles are helpful, but not necessary, for the introduction of extensive trade networks and markets, craft specialists, imperialism, and the growth of settlements in different complex societies.   Parallel Innovations It wasnt simply the invention of wheels alone that created these changes. Wheels are most useful in combination with suitable draft animals such as horses and oxen, as well as prepared roadways. The earliest planked roadway we know of, Plumstead in the United Kingdom, dates to about the same time as the wheel, 5,700 years ago. Cattle were domesticated about 10,000 years ago and horses probably about 5,500 years ago. Wheeled vehicles were in use across Europe by the third millennium BCE, as evidenced by the discovery of clay models of high sided four-wheeled carts throughout the Danube and Hungarian plains, such as that from the site of Szigetszentmarton in Hungary. More than 20 wooden wheels dated to the late and final Neolithic have been discovered in different wetland contexts across central Europe, between about 3300–2800 BCE. Wheels were invented in the Americas, too, but because draft animals were not available, wheeled vehicles were not an American innovation. Trade flourished in the Americas, as did craft specialization, imperialism and wars, road construction, and the expansion of settlements, all without wheeled vehicles: but theres no doubt that having the wheel did drive (pardon the pun) many social and economic changes in Europe and Asia. Earliest Evidence The earliest evidence for wheeled vehicles appears simultaneously in Southwest Asia and Northern Europe, about 3500 BCE. In Mesopotamia, that evidence is from images, pictographs representing four-wheeled wagons found inscribed on clay tablets dated to the late Uruk period of Mesopotamia. Models of solid wheels, carved from limestone or modeled in clay, have been found in Syria and Turkey, at sites dated approximately a century or two later. Although long-standing tradition credits the southern Mesopotamian civilization with the invention of wheeled vehicles, today scholars are less certain, as there appears to be a nearly simultaneous record of use throughout the Mediterranean basin. Scholars are divided as to whether this is the result of the rapid dissemination of a single invention or multiple independent innovations. In technological terms, the earliest wheeled vehicles appear to have been four-wheeled, as determined from models identified at Uruk (Iraq) and Bronocice (Poland). A two-wheeled cart is illustrated at the end of the fourth millennium BCE, at Lohne-Engelshecke, Germany (~3402–2800 cal BCE (calendar years BCE). The earliest wheels were single piece discs, with a cross-section roughly approximating the spindle whorl- that is, thicker in the middle and thinning to the edges. In Switzerland and southwestern Germany, the earliest wheels were fixed to a rotating axle through a square mortise, so that the wheels turned together with the axle. Elsewhere in Europe and the Near East, the axle was fixed and straight, and the wheels turned independently. When wheels turn freely from the axle, a drayman can turn the cart without having to drag the outside wheel. Wheel Ruts and Pictographs The oldest known evidence of wheeled vehicles in Europe comes from the Flintbek site, a Funnel Beaker culture near Kiel, Germany, dated to 3420–3385 cal BCE. A series of parallel cart tracks was identified beneath the northwestern half of the long barrow at Flintbek, measuring just over 65 ft (20 m) long and consisting of two parallel sets of wheel ruts, up to two ft (60 cm) wide. Each single wheel rut was 2–2.5 in (5–6 cm) wide, and the gauge of the wagons has been estimated at 3.5–4 ft (1.1–1.2 m) wide. On the islands of Malta and Gozo, a number of cart ruts have been found which may or may not be associated with the construction of the Neolithic temples there. At Bronocice in Poland, a Funnel Beaker site located 28 mi (45 km) northeast of Krakà ³w, a ceramic vessel (a beaker) was painted with several, repeated images of a schematic of a four-wheel wagon and yoke, as part of the design. The beaker is associated with cattle bone dated to 3631–3380 cal BCE. Other pictographs are known from Switzerland, Germany, and Italy; two wagon pictographs are also known from the Eanna precinct, level 4A at Uruk, dated to 2815/-85 BCE (4765/-85 BP [5520 cal BP]), a third is from Tell Uqair: both these sites are in what is today Iraq. Reliable dates indicate that two- and four-wheeled vehicles were known from the mid-fourth millennium BCE throughout most of Europe. Single wheels made of wood have been identified from Denmark and Slovenia. Models of Wheeled Wagons While miniature models of wagons are useful to the archaeologist, because they are explicit, information-bearing artifacts, they must also have had some specific meaning and significance in the various regions where they were used. Models are known from Mesopotamia, Greece, Italy, the Carpathian basin, the Pontic region in Greece, India, and China. Complete life-sized vehicles are also known from Holland, Germany, and Switzerland, occasionally used as funeral objects. A wheel model carved out of chalk was recovered from the late Uruk site of Jebel Aruda in Syria. This asymmetrical disk measures 3 in (8 cm) in diameter and 1 in (3 cm) thick, and wheel  as hubs on both sides. A second wheel model was discovered at the Arslantepe site in Turkey. This disc made of clay measured 3 in (7.5 cm) in diameter and has a central hole where presumably the axle would have gone. This site also includes local wheel-thrown imitations of the simplified form of late Uruk pottery. One recently reported miniature model comes from the site of Nemesndudvar, an early Bronze Age through Late Medieval site located near the town of Nemesndudvar, County Bcs-Kiskun, Hungary. The model was discovered along with various pottery fragments and animal bones in a part of the settlement dated to the early Bronze Age. The model is 10.4 in (26.3 cm) long, 5.8 in (14.9 cm) wide, and has a height of 2.5 in (8.8 cm). Wheels and axles for the model were not recovered, but the round feet were perforated as if they had existed at one time. The model is made out of clay tempered with crushed ceramics and fired to brownish gray color. The bed of the wagon is rectangular, with straight-sided short ends, and curved edges on the long side. The feet are cylindrical; the entire piece is decorated in zoned, parallel chevrons and oblique lines. Ulan IV, Burial 15, Kurgan 4 In 2014, archaeologist Natalia Shishlina and colleagues reported the recovery of a dismantled four-wheeled full-sized wagon, direct-dated to between 2398–2141 cal BCE. This Early Bronze Age Steppe Society (specifically East Manych Catacomb culture) site in Russia contained the interment of an elderly man, whose grave goods also included a bronze knife and rod, and a turnip-shaped pot. The rectangular wagon frame measured 5.4x2.3 ft (1.65x0.7 m) and the wheels, supported by horizontal axles, were 1.6 ft (.48 m) in diameter. Side panels were constructed of horizontally placed planks; and the interior was probably covered with reed, felt, or woolen mat. Curiously, the different parts of the wagon were made of a variety of wood, including elm, ash, maple, and oak. Sources Bakker, Jan Albert, et al. The Earliest Evidence of Wheeled Vehicles in Europe and the near East. Antiquity 73.282 (1999): 778–90. Print.Bondr, Mria, and Gyà ¶rgy V. Szà ©kely. A New Early Bronze Age Wagon Model from the Carpathian Basin. World Archaeology 43.4 (2011): 538–53. Print.Bulliet, Richard W. The Wheel- Inventions Reinventions. New York: Columbia University Press, 2016. Print.Klimscha, Florian. Cultural Diversity in Prehistoric Western Eurasia: How Were Innovations Diffused and Re-Invented in Ancient Times? Claroscuro 16.16 (2018): 1-30. Print.Mischka, Doris. The Neolithic Burial Sequence at Flintbek La 3, North Germany, and Its Cart Tracks: A Precise Chronology. Antiquity 85.329 (2011): 742–58. Print.Sax, Margaret, Nigel D. Meeks, and Dominique Collon. The Introduction of the Lapidary Engraving Wheel in Mesopotamia. Antiquity 74.284 (2015): 380–87. Print.Schier, Wolfram. Central and Eastern Europe. The Oxford Handbook of Neolithic Europe. Eds . Fowler, Chris, Jan Harding and Daniela Hofmann. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. Print. Shishlina, N.I., D. S. Kovalev, and E. R. Ibragimova. Catacomb Culture Wagons of the Eurasian Steppes. Antiquity 88.340 (2014): 378–94. Print.Vandkilde, Helle. Breakthrough of the Nordic Bronze Age: Transcultural Warriorhood and a Carpathian Crossroad in the Sixteenth Century BC. European Journal of Archaeology 17.4 (2014): 602–33. Print.

The Description of an Application Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Description of an Application Letter - Essay Example I also have experience in excelling in use of new technologies in the field of medicine. I have enclosed my certification credentials, resume and two references to enhance your access to additional information about my qualifications. I will be very grateful if considered and promise to deliver my best if granted an opportunity to serve your organization. â€Å"The Community Cancer Center (CCC) is one of the private, bountiful, non-profit, community-owned and operated cancer treatment facilities† (Community Cancer Center) that was formed in early 1980.CCC is very unique. This is evidenced by its lack of affiliation with governmental, political, or religious organizations. It is also independent of any support from any hospital or medical organization. Additionally, it performs its roles without any support from tax dollars. All these contribute to it working entirely towards enhancing the success of the community. â€Å"The CCC is governed by a voluntary, 30-member Board of Trustees† (Community Cancer Center). Its administrative duties are carried out by an executive director who supervises a staff of 22 as well as part-time employees. Physician services are offered by 2 independently employed oncologists. CCC offers support to those who lack the potential to purchase needed medicines. It also offers nutritional as well as psychosocial counseling to those in need of the service. A van owned by the center as well as the driver employed by the center take part in transporting patients who lack the ability to access medical centers. According to Bruce Hanna who was the former president of the Community Cancer Foundation, the philosophy of the CCC is to â€Å"To give hope, when life is challenged by cancer and to care for all who need it in Douglas County† (Community Cancer Center). The job I am applying for is  located in Normal, IL 61761. It is offered by all industries, and it requires a full-time employee. The reference code for the job is 20645485.  

Recommendation Memo Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Recommendation Memo - Research Paper Example The gaming consoles are judged on five different criterions based on the information extracted from user reviews from cnet.com, the gaming console's respective websites and from the general public opinion and perception of the brands. The five criterions are Nintendo has always been in the background when it comes to hi-tech graphics machine. Nintendo Wii is an obvious exception to the case as this console tries its level best to compete with the best (Play Station and XBOX). It is sleekest console out there (about the size of three DVD covers), and comes in an iPOD white color. Although it's processing powers aren't that high, an internal storage of 512mb allows the user to store plenty of saved games and other data. And if that's not enough, Wii comes with a standard Secure Digital card slot for additional space. The exclusive feature of Wii Console is its motion sensor remote controller. This new generation device features in most of the games and especially is used in inbuilt Sports game. The remote control like controller has a fewer buttons than its competitors game pads, however, it can be held vertically like a sword or a tennis racket or horizontally like a wheel for further user involvement in the game. Wii's navigational syst em is done via the Wii Channels that uses the WiiConnect24's always-on design used to view weather forecasts, news, messages and even photos and listen to MP3s. The console also allows games of previous Nintendo's game console (GameCube) to work. XBOX 360 Microsoft has been competing with Sony for the top position in the gaming console industry. With the launch of XBOX 360, Microsoft thought that the fight was over. The XBOX 360 premium edition is fully packed with key accessories like a wireless game controller, a communications headset for XBOX Live, a component A/V cable, an Ethernet networking cable, and most importantly a whopping 20GB hard drive. All the games on XBOX 360 are compatible with HDTVs and all the old games are compatible to be played on thi s new edition. The exclusive feature of XBOX Live allows the user to connect to the internet and compete online with friends. Movies can be downloaded or rented, demos can be downloaded and played for free and users can buy items from the XBOX Live Marketplace. The intrinsic graphics and high resolution provide the user with intense gaming experience and the high number of games circulating in the market adds to the user likeness. With the CD/DVD compatibility the users can rip s ongs to the hard disk and use it for any of the games. Although it does not support the Blu-ray format, the system is a success with all the current accessories. PlayStation 3 Sony's PlayStation 3 was the most hyped about gaming console and it boasted of graphics seen never before. Being the market leader in the industry, PlayStation clearly had to come up with the goods and it pretty much has. Like the PS2 concept raised the DVD standard, PS3 raises the standard by including the Blu-ray disks that have a max capacity of 50GBs currently. This allows the games to bigger, better and more