Bank of Canada Monetary Policy

On the contrary to the policies of the United States, material about Canada’s monetary policy was easily accessible on the Bank of Canada website, straight-forward and easy to understand. It’s clear that their target audience is the average Canadian citizen. They didn’t give the ‘run-around’ so- to- speak, of what their main objectives are, and much of it was watered down so that anyone could comprehend it. The Bank focuses on keeping inflation low, stable and predictable in order to encourage long-term investments for citizens to contribute to lasting economic growth, the creation of jobs and increased productivity – which will ultimately improve standard of living. This strategy is encompassed by the inflation control target that was adopted by the Bank of Canada in 1991, which sets a control range of 1-3 percent, ideally with a 2 percent midpoint. And, looking at historical statistics since its inception, the Bank has been able to maintain this control effectively. For example, inflation rate for 1Q 2013 was 1. 3%. According to the Bank, this monetary policy is implemented by influencing short-term interest rates which is done by raising or lowering the target for the overnight rate. In the end, a reduction in the policy rate, or easing of monetary policy, can be expected to boost total demand for Canadian goods and services, and vice versa. In addition to this, another goal for the Bank is maintaining flexible exchange rates – which they consider best suited for achieving their inflation target. The floating Canadian dollar provides an exchange rate buffer which allows the economy to absorb and adjust to economic shocks it may encounter. Though additional factors like exchange rates and unemployment seem to be important to policy makers, they are not focused on as intently as inflation and little information is available in regard to them. Their thinking is that monetary policy cannot have a systematic and sustained effect on any other variable, thus making it senseless to adopt any other long-term targets. It seems apparent that the Canadian policy strives to remain â€Å"forward looking† in a sense. The Bank places much of its emphasis on long-lasting shocks to the economy, rather than those believed to be short lived. By attempting to keep inflation close to their target, they consider themselves better able to respond to changes in the economic environment in such a way to avoid situations of excess demand or upply. Thus, pressures of inflation rising or falling are kept to a minimum. There’s much argument surrounding whether or not Canada’s policy is really that good or if they have just been lucky over the years. Volatility has increased in the Canadian economy over the years, however, they believe that their â€Å"exceptional† economic performance was the result of an even greater imp rovement in monetary policy and the policy offset the volatile environment, resulting in greater macroeconomic performance. It’s especially important to the Bank to remain credible to the Canadian people by being open and clear about their policy choices. They feel that this credibility keeps expectations to preserve future inflation close to the target and this â€Å"anchors† them to ensure that it happens. Even though Canada’s approach to communicating its monetary policy is much different than that of the United States, one could argue that they may be ‘putting blinders’ on their citizens, to avoid poor performance in other areas. Is their layman, tunnel vision approach regarding inflation control diverting the public from questioning whether or not it the best framework to utilize to drive the economy in a positive direction? The Canadian economy is still struggling to recover from the Great Recession and is trying to find ways in order to avoid the zero lower bound issue, but they put little importance communicating on how they are going to do so with the public.

Managing Political Risks Essay

A firm must be able to manage the different kinds of political risks that it may have to face by investing in a particular country. Firm-specific risks are defined as risks that affect the multinational enterprise at the corporate and/or project level. The most consequential firm-specific risk is referred to as the â€Å"governance risk,† which entails that there may be a conflict of goals between the multinational enterprise and the host government (Frenkel, Karmann, and Scholtens 5). Volatility of foreign exchange rates is another example of a firm-specific risk (Frenkel, Karmann, and Scholtens). Country-specific risks must also be managed. These risks affect the multinational enterprise at the corporate and/or project level, too. However, the difference between firm-specific and country-specific risks is that the latter originate at the level of the country. Institutional and/or cultural risks in addition to â€Å"transfer risks† are examples of country-specific risks (Frenkel, Karmann, and Scholtens 6). While the latter involves the issue of â€Å"blocked funds,† the former involves problems such as corruption in the country where the multinational enterprise intends to invest its funds (Frenkel, Karmann, and Scholtens 6). Lastly, the multinational enterprise must seek to manage its global-specific risks. These risks affect the enterprise at the corporate and/or project level but originate at the level of the entire globe. Poverty and terrorism are examples of global-specific risks (Frenkel, Karmann, and Scholtens). Indeed, it is possible for the multinational enterprise to manage the three types of political risks. There are three principles methods of political risk management: â€Å"limiting, diversifying, and hedging (Frenkel, Karmann, and Scholtens 20). † The first method refers to the investor’s effort to limit the exposure to the political risk by â€Å"putting a cap on the exposure vis-a-vis a particular country, often as a percentage of overall exposure or own funds (Frenkel, Karmann, and Scholtens 20). † Netting is involved in this procedure, as the investor must calculate the net exposure before â€Å"trying to derive a smaller overall position (Frenkel, Karmann, and Scholtens 20). † Following this political risk management procedure, a parent company may decide to limit the amount of funds that it transfers to its subsidiary that directly faces a particular type of political risk (Frenkel, Karmann, and Scholtens). Diversification is another useful method of managing political risks. A multinational enterprise, when faced with political risks, may decide to spread the exposure among various countries that are not perfectly correlated. If the enterprise is faced with corruption in the countries of two of its subsidiaries, it may choose two more countries where corruption is not a political risk. As a matter of fact, this method of managing political risks tends to be the easiest and therefore most commonly used (Frenkel, Karmann, and Scholtens). Hedging is yet another way to manage political risks, but is typically understood to be possible only with investment and/or export insurance. As an example, the multinational enterprise may obtain such insurance from the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency of the World Bank. The insurance may provide covers against civil disturbance, war, expropriation, in addition to currency transfers. National insurance companies – run by the government – may similarly be approached by the investor to obtain cover for risks that arise from non-payment (Frenkel, Karmann, and Scholtens). Regardless of the kinds of political risks facing the investor, therefore, it is possible to invest by managing the risks after choosing one or more methods of political risk management. Works Cited Frenkel, Michael, Alexander Karmann, and Bert Scholtens (eds. ). Sovereign Risk and Financial Crises. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2004.

The Kantian View of Animal Ethics

Kant’s Ethics of Metaphysics: A Response To the Charge of Speciesism I. In this paper I will present the charge of speciesism contended by many animal right’s activists. I will attempt to substantiate Immanuel Kant’s view on animal morality and justify how his philosophy is not in violation of speciesism. Furthermore, I will explain how the Kantian view still grants animals some moral consideration through the designation of â€Å"indirect duties†. Lastly, I will present a difficulty with accepting the Kantian view of â€Å"indirect duties† towards animals.Moral quandaries regarding animals are still demanding the attention of many philosophers as they attempt to modify and inspect the relationship between morality and social policy. Contemporary applications of this issue can range from experimentations on animals for developing medicines (or even cosmetics) to whether human beings should avoid eating animal-based foods. There is a vast spectrum of moral issues that arise with respect to animals. However, most of the morally questionable situations are contingent on one fundamental question: do animals even have moral rights?And if so, to what extent? Although animal moral considerability has peaked the interest of many contemporary philosophers, such as James Rachels and Peter Singer, the question is really an age-old question that can be traced back to Plato and Aristotle. Immanuel Kant has probed the question of whether an animal has moral considerability. Kant continuously makes the distinction between humans and animals throughout his best-known contributions to moral philosophy.Therefore, I will address and present the counter-argument to the charge of speciesism, one of critical arguments of the animal rights movement, through a Kantian lens. II. One of the prevailing charges on humanity proposed by champions of animal rights is that humans act in violation of ‘speciesism’. The term, first coined by psycho logist Richard Ryder in 1973, is used to describe an arbitrary bias that humans have towards their own species (Homo sapiens).The argument is as follows: to assign primacy to humans by considering only a human to be within the system of morality is similar to other types of discrimination, such as racism and sexism. Just as in racism and sexism the dominating force arbitrarily assumes itself as the normative ideal, in this case whites or males respectively, so too human beings arbitrarily assume themselves as the ideal and to be the only species deserving of morality. Therefore, because there is no legitimate basis for this distinction, other species of animals should be equally included within the system of morality.Ryder believes that those in violation of speciesism â€Å"overlook and underestimate the similarities between the discriminator (humans) and those discriminated against (animals or any other species). † His argument assumes that most animals are fundamentally th e same. Of course those who charge humanity to be guilty of ‘speciesism’ acknowledge that there are obvious differences between humans and non-humans. They just believe these differences to be irrelevant for delineating the scope of a moral system. Man’s higher intelligence, being the most conspicuous difference, should have no authority on morality.If intelligence were the decisive factor then it would follow that people who are intellectually superior should be treated with superior moral standards. Moreover, some apes could potentially have more intelligence than a human if the human was insane or otherwise intellectually compromised. Thus, although intelligence is the distinguishing factor between most human beings and non-humans, it cannot be the sole criterion for defining a moral system . III. It would appear that aside from intelligence (that has no moral bearing) there is no fundamental quality that separates humans and non-humans.Therefore, animals real ly should be treated with equal moral standards, and those who do not equate moral rights are guilty of speciesism. Philosopher Michael Pollan challenges Kant with being in violation of arbitrary discrimination of animals; â€Å"none of these (Kant’s) argument evade the charge of speciesism† (pg 439 Vice and Virtue). So we are left with the daunting question: is there any validity to Pollan’s claim? At first it would appear that Kant presupposes human beings as the only species worthy of morality without giving any explanatory criterion. Kant evelops one of his foundational doctrines called â€Å"The Categorical Imperative†, which can be summarized in the following sentence: â€Å"Act in such a way that you treat humanity in such a way, whether in ourselves or in others, as an end in itself† (Groundwork II). It seems that Kant believes that human beings bar none deserve what he calls ‘respect’ or what we are calling moral consideration . However, after a closer examination it becomes apparent that Kant is not guilty of speciesism at all. In a remarkably similar excerpt Kant says, â€Å"as rational beings, we must always at the same time be valued as ends (pg 239 4:430).It is almost as if Kant just substituted the phrase humanity with rational beings. When both excerpts are read in conjunction it becomes apparent that Kant includes human beings into his moral system not because of an arbitrary nepotism towards his own kind (homo sapiens) but because of a human being’s attribute of rationality. In other words, Kant’s criterion for moral considerability is rationality and not intelligence. When Kant says to treat humanity in such a way, he is referring to a human’s rational nature, which happens to be the unique quality of human beings and is thus presented as rationality’s synonym.According to Kant, rationality is not the same as intelligence and is what makes human beings worthy of mora l consideration and animals unworthy. Rationality is the ability to be governed autonomously and make advised decisions of what is right and wrong. It is not the ability to display reasoning skills. Therefore, a being, such as a chimpanzee with excellent cognitive abilities, cannot exercise rationality, which is Kant’s basis for morality. Human beings, on the other hand, belong to a ‘Kingdom of Ends’, where moral laws are meticulously chosen by each individual.This capability to discern and choose which laws have absolute moral worth binds all human beings in a cohesive moral community. Each member of this community has the authority to legislate and decide which laws are unconditional and then subsequently act in accordance with those laws. Not even the highest functioning chimpanzee has the capability to decide whether an action can be universally applied. Nor can a chimpanzee mull over the question â€Å"what ought I do? †. Thus it follows that a person only has obligations towards other beings that can obligate themselves, or act rationally.Kant chose rationality as the marker that defines the line of required morality because of its pureness. Rational knowledge is not influenced by history, anthropology or psychology. It is not qualified by emotion. Other potential values, such as intelligence, have the possibility of being used immorally; â€Å"Intelligence and wit are doubtless in many respects good and desirable but they can also become extremely harmful if the will†¦is not good (pg 231). † Consequently, a being’s rationality, the ability to decide whether an action is ‘good’ universally, is the only incorruptible value that could define the scope of morality..Now that it is clear that Kant is not guilty of speciesism, since his moral system is predicated on the standard of rationality, one can still ask how Kantian Ethics views animals. Kantian Ethics prescribes indirect duties towards animals . This means that it is wrong to act maliciously towards animals because it will damage a person’s sympathies. Damaging ones sympathies will inevitability lead to a failure of ones duties to others. On the one hand, animals cannot be granted direct duties, for they lack rationality. Their moral value is categorized in a sort of limbo between inanimate objects and human beings.On a practical level, a Kantian might perform the same actions towards animals as a Utilitarian would. But Kantian Ethics is problematic for many philosophers, at least in theory. Christina Hoff offers an example where a â€Å"kind† man spends his life fulfilling his duties to himself and towards other human beings except he secretly burns stray dogs to death. Despite how disturbing and wrong this seems, Kantian ethics does not consider this man as having committed any wrongful action in and of itself. The suffering of the dogs is only problematic as it affects our duties to rational beings.It is difficult to challenge the Kantian view of animals on philosophical grounds. The Kantian moral system is consistent in that it is rooted in the assumption that rationality alone has absolute moral value. To challenge this assumption would involve dismantling Kant’s entire moral system by showing why rationality is inadequate as the supreme value. When Kant is concerned with damaging our sympathies he is only concerned in so far as sympathies ability to promote rationality and the ability to fulfill ones duties. He does not award sympathy any independent value.Yet, to allow, even if just in theory, the scenario of the man burning dogs seems against common morality. To be indifferent to an animals suffering is intuitively immoral. An animal rights champion would be more likely do adopt a Utilitarian view, which incorporates suffering into the fabric of its moral system. IV. Consequently, Kant can evade attempts to label him guilty of speciesism. Kantian ethics does have a crite rion that differentiates humans and non-humans. With rationality as its hallmark, Kantian Ethics views animals as deserving of only indirect moral considerability.As Christine Korsgaard explains in her essay Kantian Ethics and Our Duties to Animals, â€Å"moral laws may be viewed as the laws legislated by all rational beings in the Kingdom of Ends (pg 5) Animals incidentally do not share this capacity for rationality. But if they did, they would surely be included. Interestingly, when referring to animals he ambiguously labels them as a human being’s analogue. Perhaps Kant was identifying that animals have similar qualities such as intelligence that link us together. But animals are analogues and not exactly similar.As such, Kant grants animals some moral considerabilitiy, through indirect duties, but not equal moral considerability. A being earns moral considerability only through the capacity to implement the Categorical Imperative and exercise an autonomous level of cogni tion, not through reasoning skills or mathematical abilities. Therefore, animals rightfully have moral limitations. Works Cited: 1)Ryder, Richard. â€Å"Richard Ryder: All Beings That Feel Pain Deserve Human Rights | World News | The Guardian. † Latest News, Sport and Comment from the Guardian | The Guardian. Web. 27 Dec. 2011. 2)Kant, Immanuel, and H. J. Paton. Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals. New York: Harper & Row, 1964. Print. 3)Sommers, Christina, Frederic Tamler Sommers. Vice and Virtue in Everyday Life. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2003. Print 4)Korsgaard, Christine M. â€Å"Fellow Creatures: Kantian Ethics and Our Duties to Animals. † Www. Tannerlectures. utah. edu. University of Utah Press Volume 25/26. Web Author’s personal website 5)Sebo, Jeff. â€Å"A Critique of the Kantian Theory of Indirect Moral Duties to Animals. † Animal Liberation Philosophy and Policy Journal Volume II Pp. 1-14, 2004. Web.

Managing Talents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing Talents - Essay Example the company started its business with just 2  aircrafts offering services to its clients between Brisbane and Sydney. However, now the company is the second largest airlines in Australia is a well known name for efficient and cheap  flyer  across the country.  Ã‚  Recently, the company management has made a deal to work together with the Regional Express (Rex) to cater a larger section of clients. Other business partners of Virgin Blue are Virgin Atlantic, United Airlines, Malaysian Airlines and Hawaiian Airlines.  The airline company provides air flight services in 28 cities in Australia, with Brisbane Airport as its hub, with the help of a fleet of 75 narrow-body  Boeings  and  Embraers.  Ã‚  Originally contributing seven return flights every 24 hrs, between  Brisbane  and  Sydney, the company now covers almost every major city and holiday destinations in Australia. Virgin Blue Airlines has attracted a huge pool of talent to its organization and the management is consistent in its efforts to introduce trademark management style, skills and experience in its employees. The Virgin Blue Airlines management has been enough skillful in retaining large pool of talent in its organization by productively shaping out large partnerships with people to coalesce the knowledge, skill and tap the market presence globally. The objective of the essay is to offer attentiveness on a variety of issues that can be faced by the Virgin Blue Airlines HR team while going for a global recruiting plan. Talent management is one of the main drives of effective and strategic  HRM  development in a company. Talent management related to the process of  developing and incorporating new employees, preserving the existing work force, and attracting expertise from the market towards the organization.  Talent management integrates the process of selecting, attracting, training and promoting bright employees to achieve higher performance for the

Macroeconomics of China and it's GDP Research Paper

Macroeconomics of China and it's GDP - Research Paper Example The steady increase in prices facilitated by the economic bubble suggests that China has come to a critical point of discouraging inflation within the right time: the vibrant mechanism of the economic growth in China has passed through a great transformation (Lai, 2006). At the time the government of China opened up foreign trade, facilitated investment and implemented the free market reformation about four decades ago, China has since become among the world’s top performing economies. With the real annual gross domestic product growth that averages to nearly 10 percent through the year 2013 (Bachman, 2011). In the current years the economy of China has emerged as the main global economic and the trade power. In the world’s current competitive market China is the top merchandise trading economy, holder of foreign reserves and it also acts as the largest destination of the foreign direct investment. Fortunately, China is expected to be the worlds’ largest economy in the next one year. Most economists forecast that China will overtake the United States of America to become the top performing economy in the world in the next few years. However, the probability of China to maintain the rapid growth of economic situation is minimal in the long run because it depends on the government for the implementation of comprehensive economic reforms (Lai, 2006). This will quickly facilitate the transition of the economy of China to a free market economy and create a balanced distribution within the economy thus creating a consumer demand rather than exportation. The government of China is greatly attached to its economy and it has acknowledged for some renovations in order to deal with some challenges effectively and efficiently (Bachman, 2011). China is the second largest economy in the world that will soon overtake the United States. According to the outstanding

International Estate Planning Discussion Post 7 Assignment

International Estate Planning Discussion Post 7 - Assignment Example Various issues are further considered when selecting the trust situs such as the states rules on issues of fraudulent transfers, conflicts of laws and restraints of alienation, as well as, transfer situs. Therefore, the country that the selected trust situs is located should have provisions for the same. In case, there is a need to change situs in relation to asset protection trust the instrument that is created in relation to the trust should provide for the same under the specific circumstances. In that the Situs can be changed through termination, modification and decanting or recreation of a new trust. Therefore, in order for David to grant Felicity Trust situs in a foreign country he must ensure that there is no conflict of laws between the provisions of creating a trust in the United States and the country of residence of her daughter (Gau, 2005). Additionally, he should ensure that the country provides for a transfer or change of trust situs to allow any modifications or recantation of the person making the trust fund. This is because a person may change their mind after a while about the person they want to be the trustee of their children

Government 1 Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Government 1 - Dissertation Example Thus, if I discover that the government might be monitoring my e-mail and internet security, I would not only reduce the information I reveal on the internet, but I would also reduce the frequency at which I make use of the internet and try other means of communication. Freedom of expression should be allowed on the internet and there should not be any restriction on this (Atallah, 2010). This is due the fact that the internet has now become the main medium that people air their views, hence telling people that there is a limit to the way they can express themselves is like a violation on their fundamental human right. However, when the issue of the restriction of freedom of expression arises, there would be serious problems on the types of expression that should be restricted. There would be no standard yardstick as to the kind of things that people should be expected to talk about on the internet. Thus, it is not in any way desirable to restrict freedom of expression in any instanc e as people should be free to say anything they like on the internet. Reference Atallah, M. (2010). Privacy Enhancing Technologies: 10th International Symposium, PETS 2010, July 21-23, 2010, Berlin, Germany, Proceedings. New York: Springer.

Senior Mentor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Senior Mentor - Essay Example To provide effective health care as a practicing caregiver, it was necessary to identify what factors are involved in senior lifestyle and understand the psychological and sociological characteristics important to this demographic, especially pertaining to death, dying, spiritualism and the potential complexities of attitude associated with these dimensions. The conversation indicated that elderly lifestyle can be quite productive and fulfilling, as well as indicating that perceptions of death and dying are quite potent after reaching advanced age. Death, Dying, Socialization and Emotion The researcher was cautious about introducing the concept of death and dying during what was a rather superfluous discussion of social engagement and thoughts regarding the importance of maintaining a strong social network after reaching advanced years. The researcher waited until the participant indicated recent losses that had occurred as a result of advanced age within their social network to begi n introducing thoughts about death and dying. However, once the participant became comfortable with the mannerism and sincerity of the researcher, the respondent was forthright about her sentiment and emotional attachment to lost friends and her own mortality. Elizabeth Kubler-Ross (1969) provided a hypothesis indicating that there are specific stages that occur during bereavement that dictate the time it takes to heal from loss and how an individual is able to assess their own feelings or fears related to mortality. The first stage is denial, in which the individual refuses to accept that a loved one has passed on. Flowers had, just in the last three months, lost a very close friend along her network that often engaged in the aforementioned lifestyle activities enjoyed by the participant and her social network. Several of her friends, after the loss, demanded that the brunch party set a serving plate in an empty chair for the individual who had passed on at the age of 78 of a sudde n heart attack. This caused Elena Flowers considerable discomfort, however she did not want to frustrate or anger the two friends who were adamant that a place should be provided for the lost acquaintance. When Flowers had suggested, on-time only, that this activity was not productive or necessarily healthy thinking, she met with considerable aggression and accusations that Flowers was heartless and unfeeling. Flowers felt that their own thoughts about mortality, since the lost friend had died so suddenly of a massive heart attack, were what was driving this denial. It was not necessarily denial that the loved one had perished, but attempts to protect themselves from the reality that their life spans were quickly reaching their end. Santrock (2007) states that this type of behavior is common and is designed to protect oneself psychologically from having to face the difficult emotions of losing a loved one. However, Elena Flowers was more of a pragmatist, a realist, who seemed to hav e come to grips with the reality that she, too, would one day meet her natural end. Though this was only a small sample of potential elderly citizens in today’s society, Flowers was keenly aware that she would one day pass on and wanted very much to get the most out of life she could

Corporate Social Responsibility College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Corporate Social Responsibility College - Essay Example (Marrewijk 2003 p 95). The European Commission (2001) defines CSR so that it incorporates social, environmental and economical aspects: CSR is a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis." (European Commission 2001) Companies like UPS, FedEx, DHL and a large number of other multinational and smaller organisations are beginning to, or indeed already have taken the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) very seriously. The logistics and transportation sector plays a positive role in the economic development of societies, spreading opportunity and acting as a backbone for global development and communication, as well as contributing to communities. However, this sector also faces some strong emerging challenges to its perceived social responsibilities. The core business of this industry's direct relation with major sustainability issues such as environmental impact, traffic congestion, energy waste, safety and security, and sustainable infrastructure, puts logistics firms under the careful inspection of various stakeholders. There is a group of consumers who consider CSR in their purchasing decisions (Mohr Webb Harris 2001 p 45). 0ver the past few years, socially responsible consumers have been studied in relation to boycott behaviour (e.g. Klein 2003 p10 ) and cause related marketing (e.g. Polonsky 2001 p8) and it has been found that "negative CSR associations can have a detrimental effect on overall product evaluations, whereas positive CSR associations can enhance product evaluations" (Brown and Dacin 1997, p. 80). Recent surveys in Europe, the U.S. and Australia also suggest consumers do consider CSR policies in their purchasing decisions. The majority of surveyed consumers say they would pay more for goods and services marketed by socially responsible companies. (MORI 2001; Lloyd 2003 p58). Furthermore, as Kotler (1972) predicted, socially responsible consumer behaviour is growing . UPS UPS is one of the most active corporations in logistics sector on CSR issues. They are the biggest of 8 logistic companies in the world with a full triple bottom line report which is aligned with GRI; both sustainability and CSR are mentioned in their annual report for the last 3 years. The UPS website states that sustainability is in the heart of their business strategy. All CSR programs and initiatives are seen as business-as-usual in a well-managed company. Both the Chairman's statement and company mission statement explicitly states the importance of being a good corporate citizen. The Annual report includes a section called "Our Sustainability Statement". UPS has consistently ranked among the most admired companies in the country. They have reinforced the reputation of dependability and reliability by being conservative financially, being good corporate citizens and emphasizing social responsibility in the community. UPS is a tough competitive company but they understand the responsibility of a market leader. UPS policy promotes initiatives with the United Way, developing sustainability, increasing diversity, and limiting

Georg Simmel and Walter Benjamin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Georg Simmel and Walter Benjamin - Essay Example Georg Simmel lived in Berlin the most part of his life, and this fact of his biography predetermined his views on modern urban life. In his best-known essay, The Metropolis and Mental Life Simmel â€Å"analyzes individual life in the context of modern, metropolitan life, contrasting the social forces and structures of urban life with those of traditional rural and small town settings†. In this work, Georg Simmel underlined that in conditions of the modern city and urban society an individual can successfully develop his skills and abilities, as the economic and political situation of modern and post-modern community promotes individual freedom and flexibility. But in the other hand in modern urban society an individual is under pressure of numerous factors and restrictions, as â€Å"the metropolis is a site or location for social life where the larger structures, forms of contact, and forces such as the money economy threaten ‘the autonomy and individuality’ of t he individual†. So, the situation in modern urban cities leads to the new politics of vision, when an individual has to perceive everything from the point of view of modern urban experience. Simmel underlined that â€Å"the city conspires to erase difference by assaulting the individual with an overwhelming and never-ending stream of visual stimuli†. This vision is inherent to the spacing theory of scientific rationalism, modern and post-modern experience which fills the space with giant cubic forms suppressing the consciousness of people and their freedom. Simmel asserted that "the urban eye must see fast and understand at a glance while walking among the crowd" (Erickson, 2001). All these features form a certain type of people living in large cities in post-modern urban atmosphere. In Simmel's opinion, our society consists of individuals who interact with each other, and this interacting forms features and specificity of our society: "While there is no perception of s ociety until individuals begin to interact, once formed by the interaction of individuals, the society affects the individuals as an outside force" (Crow Ch., et al., 2000). So, taking into account the modern development of such communication means as telephone, telegraph and the Internet one can say that our society has high level of interactions, and, according Georg Simmel, we have high level of social development. He also underlined that post-modern urban life destroyed differences, and people try to make differences inside themselves: "Precisely because conditions conspire to destroy difference, however, the individual feels herself driven to cultivate uniqueness and have it noticed" (Byram, 2002). Walter Benjamin's position is reflected in his main works The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction and Arcades Project. Benjamin considered modern urban

Prepare an outline validation programme for a new benchtop Essay

Prepare an outline validation programme for a new benchtop washerdisinfector which is being installed in a dental surgery - Essay Example The method of cleaning encompasses removal of soils and contaminants leading to the destruction of micro-organisms. It is noticeable that some but not all detergents do hold some germicidal properties but it is essential that to make the germicides totally effective, the devices must first be free of soil to allow intimate contact with the chemical (Ray, 2004). The spectrum of chemical and the duration of exposure will determine the level of disinfection achieved. Detergents employed in the cleaning of medical devices are exclusively designed to assist, beat and extricate organic soils. On the other hand, enzymatic detergents, presoaks, and foam sprays are very effective in breaking down soil and facilitating their removal in the washing process (Ray, 2004). It is observed that manual washing is less efficient and more time consuming than the machine washing, moreover each surgical equipment is washed thoroughly and with the same precision in contrast to the manual washing where ever ything depends on the person employed for the work and his/ her efficiency. A new washer/disinfector consists of a wash cycle geared at the removal of soil and the recommended enzymatic product required to break down soil particles for easier removal. The wash cycle is followed by a thermal disinfection rinse cycle which destroys organisms by heat and do not require a germicidal detergent (Ray, 2004). To facilitate the effective cleaning of the instruments, bench top washer-disinfectors are used and must be installed in all the clinics, hospitals and other organizations where surgery is being performed. These instruments need utmost care and precision to get best results. It is mandatory that all processing equipments ought to be evaluated for proper functioning to procure best results. Equipment servicing may be in order such as the replacement of gaskets, adjusting temperatures, and/or increasing drying times. Foreign matter left in steam lines can cause spotting (Ray, 2004). The installation of bench top washer-disinfector is therefore recommended and should be made mandatory to carry out the surgeries efficiently without giving a single chance to the infection for establishment. It is imperative that instruments in surgical sets be in good condition and function properly. Moreover, a malfunctioning instrument is more than a minor hassle (Ray, 2004); it is detrimental to the quality of patient care and could result in serious injury. Therefore it is a great responsibility from the patients' point of view that constant monitoring must be performed to assess the quality of surgical instrumentation and hence instrument inspection becomes an integral part of surgical set assembly procedure (Ray, 2004). A proficient aid for the cleaning and the thermal disinfection of all Medical, Dental and Laboratory instruments is bench top washer-disinfector. It is based on modern concepts and constructed in compliance with the guidelines indicated in the new European Norm concerning safety and hygiene. The validation for its installation lies in the fact that it can be placed on any work surface and is very simple to install. It has a built-in detergent compartment and dispenser. A good washer displays three different programs inclusive of thermal disinfect

Water and Fat Soluble Vitamins Essay Example for Free

Water and Fat Soluble Vitamins Essay Water Soluble Vitamins and Fat The human body requires a large number of vitamins for a number of functions to keep the body alive and running properly. Vitamin D helps balancing hormones and Vitamin C helps with chemical reactions in the human body. Fat-soluble Vitamins and High Nutrient Sources The fat-soluble vitamins consist of A, D, E, and K; they are found in a variety of foods. Vitamin A| Celery, basil, chili pepper, mixed vegetables, carrots, pumpkin, sweet potato, beef liver, watermelon, and spinach| Vitamin D| Cod liver oil, salmon, tuna fish, sardines, whole egg, butter, milk, nonfat, decrease fat, and total vitamin D fortified, and butter| Vitamin E| Sunflower seeds, almonds, broccoli, cayenne pepper, asparagus, bell peppers, soy milk| Vitamin K| Turnips greens, spinach, asparagus, blueberries, green beans, broccoli, cucumbers, cauliflower, tomatoes| (Crandell, n. d) Functions, Benefits, Risks, and Toxicity of Fat-soluble Vitamins Vitamins| Functions| Benefits| Insufficiency Risk| Toxicity Risks| Vitamin A| * It helps in Common Visualization and reproduction, cellular growth, and immune system function.| * It assists the Immunity and healthy eyes. * It regulates and keeps healthy bones and teeth. * It aids skin and is well-known as necessary for the reproductive process for both males and females.| Blindness at Night, xerophthalmia, poor growth, dry skin, shrink immune system functioning| Nausea and vomiting, headaches, bone pain and fractures, hair loss, liver damage, interference with vitamin K absorption. | Vitamin D| * It absorbs calcium and phosphorus. * It maintains normal blood calcium. * It is also known for the calcification of bone * It also maintains the immune system. | Cancer prevention, skin protection, metabolism booster, anti-inflammatory, and aids lower the risk  of Alzheimer’s disease. | Rickets in Children, osteomalacia in adults: soft bones, depressed growth, and reduced immune system| Poor growth, calcium deposits in soft tissue| Vitamin E| Antioxidant| *It Supports with blood clotting.* It guarantees healthy bones, essential for the synthesis of the sphingo lipids.* It prevents calcium from forming in tissue.| Loss of muscular coordination, hemolysis of red blood cells resulting in anemia| Excessive bleeding as a result of interfering with vitamin K metabolism | Vitamin K| Production of active blood-clotting factors| | Excessive bleeding | Unknown | (Crandell, n.d) High Nutrient Sources of Water-soluble Vitamins Vitamins considered water-soluble include; Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B-6, Vitamin C. As the name suggests, water-soluble vitamins get dissolved within water and blood inside the human body. Thiamin| Pork, wheat germ, enriched breads and cereal, brewer’s yeast| Riboflavin| Milk, yogurt, and other dairy products. Mushrooms, broccoli, asparagus, and spinach and other green leafy vegetables| Niacin| Chicken, tuna, peanuts, turkey roast, white rice, whole grain total cereal, raisin bran cereal| Vitamin B-6| All bran cereal, tuna, beef liver, potato, chicken, beef, pork, salmon, banana, pinto beans, sweet potato| Vitamin C| Peppers, citrus fruit, papaya, broccoli, cabbage, and berries| (Anderson Young, 2008) Roles, Benefits, Risks, Toxicity of Water-soluble Vitamins Vitamins| Role| Benefits| Insufficiency Risks| Toxicity Risks| Thiamin(B-1)| * It assists to produce neurotransmitters. * It is division of coenzyme which is required for carbohydrate metabolism and the metabolism of certain amino acids.| * It maintains appetite, * It helps normal muscle function as well as the heart muscle.| Beriberi and Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome. Weakness, abnormal nervous system.| None| Riboflavin| * It is a part of coenzyme which is required for carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid, and lipid metabolism.| * It  supports healthy hair, skin, eyes, and liver. * It also assists to burn carbohydrates in order to produce glucose to fuel the body.| Inflammation of the mouth and tongue, eye disorder.| None| Niacin| * It is a part of coenzyme which is required for energy metabolism.| * It reduces cholesterol. * It aids and protects atherosclerosis and diabetes. * It also treats for osteoarthritis.| Diarrhea, dermatitis, dermentia, death.| Flushing of facial skin, itchy skin, nausea and vomiting, liver damage.| Vitamin B-6| * It is required for amino acid metabolism. * It is also concerned with neurotransmitter and hemoglobin.| * It supports cell formation, carbohydrates, immunity, nerve system, health blood, and sulfur and methyl metabolism. * It also benefits from having anti-inflammatory.| Dermatitis, anemia, diarrhea, neural tube defects in embryos.| Nerve destruction.| Vitamin C| * Connective tissue synthesis and maintenance. * Antioxidant, synthesis or neurotransmitters and certain hormones. * Immune system. | * It supports with common colds, immunity, hypertension, antioxidants, blood vessels, and cataracts.| Poor wound healing, pinpoint hemorrhages, bleeding gums, bruises, depression.| Diarrhea and GI tract discomfort.| (Anderson Young, 2008) It has been proven that a diet rich with fruits, vegetables, and legumes may help reduce the potential risk of cancer, CVD, and many other serious chronic diseases. References Anderson, J. Young, L. (2008) Water-Soluble Vitamins Retrieved from http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/foodnut/09312.html Crandell, Kathleen. (N.D) Fat Soluble Vitamins Retrieved from http://www.ker.com/library/advances/125.pdf

Features of Crime Fiction

Features of Crime Fiction The Inside of Crime Fiction Documentary Script Crime Fiction, a source of constant fascination. Being amidst the danger, pulse-pounding exploits, or the nerve-racking chase to a rocket-driven conclusion, we revel in the stories of crime fiction, the stories of murder from greed, lust, avarice, revenge, cowardice and nobility. We love to live through a characters experiences, that makes it tolerable, even enjoyable. To be amongst the heroes that solve the case and look out for our protection. But why are we arrested and captured by the genre of crime fiction novels and shows in this modern-age. Its because of one significant reason that stands out from many: the chance youll encounter a ghost, be transported to another planet, or have some paranormal experience is quite remote and so is the Sci-fi and dystopian genre, struck in pure fantasy, which doesnt seem to be within the realm of possibility. Crime novels tap into the prospect of the possible which makes them ever more compelling and frightening. But more than fear it is the possibility of evil driving the popularity of this genre. The Inside of Crime Fiction, will take into view two of televisions enthralling crime dramas, Midsomer Murders and Murdoch Mysteries and dive into the similarities and differences of the features. Each series contains elements that a crime fiction cannot be without. These are evident in both crime dramas: the seemingly unsolvable, impossible to solve case, an interested sleuth, unsavoury and empathetic characters, danger and tension: the heart racing element of suspense until the very last second, a motive of the criminals actions pieced together at the end of the story where the puzzle is finished, a criminal: a murderer, the more charming, smart or psychopathic, the more compelling the search is. Suspects, a range of people who could have committed the crime, clues that point toward the criminals identity and wrong-doings and red herrings driving the viewer away from the right conclusion, on a path to a dead end rather than a path to more pathways and an alibi, to demonstrate that the accused was not present at a crime. Midsomer Murders and Murdoch Mysteries features these elements that drives a successful crime fiction series that has been producing for 10+ consecutive seasons. Based on the original novels by Maureen Jennings, we transported back-in-time, at the turn of the 20th Century: the late 1890s to early 1900s, distinguishes eccentric Canadian Artful Detective, William Murdoch, closely investigating alongside his wife, Dr. Julia Ogden and side-kick, Constable Crabtree. Investigating the toughest cases with Steampunk operations and technologies at his side, employing radical new scientific and forensic techniques like fingerprinting, ultra violet light, blood testing, surveillance and trace evidence to solve the city of Torontos most covered, precise and gruesome murders. (Writer of Original Novel Series: Maureen Jennings Talking) Weve specially added thought to the nature of how we wanted to create a series using realism but also capturing the 20th century technologies, inventors, scientists and history throughout the episodes, featured in the 10 consecutive seasons. Episodes feature anachronistic technology whereby Murdoch uses the existing technology of his time to improvise a crude prototype of a technology that would be more readily recognizable to the shows 21st-century audience. Weve also incorporated a major of the worlds most historical figures and true, universal shaping scientists and inventors including Sharpshooter, Annie Oakley, English writer, H G Wells, Serbian-American inventor and electrical engineer, Nikola Tesla, Queen Victoria. Also featured is Oliver Mowat, Orville and Wilbur Wright, Henry Ford, Sir Winston Churchill, Alexander Graham Bell, Emma Goldman, Harry Houdini and Thomas Edison. Weve created a world where characters refer to inventions of the 19th century and generalise from them, to future inventions. Such as: microwave ovens, night-vision goggles, computers, Cluedo, the family favourite board game and Hangman. In comparison with Murdoch Mysteries, Midsomer Murders is based in modern day English fictional county of Midsomer, initially written as a book series by Caroline Grahams, as originally adapted by Anthony Horowitz. The British detective drama revolves around DCI Barnabys efforts to solve numerous murders that take place involving town folk throughout each episode. Bizarre and gruesome murders are not unnatural featurings of the show. Murder implements include a cricket bat, a fire iron, a saucepan, a faulty microphone, the cord of a camera light meter, a candlestick, a doped horse, a pitchfork, a Celtic spear, liquid nicotine, a syringe, toxic fungus, a necktie, a slide projector, a switchblade razor, a drinks cabinet, a plough, a hammer, hemlock, vintage claret, bottles of relish, a poisonous frog, a longbow arrow, a French guillotine, a prop theatrical knife, King Neptunes trident, a hatpin, an Iron Maiden, rabbit grooming scissors and alien abduction. Visual and audio elements are utilised as a major enabler for the emotions that a viewer/reader feels. In Murdoch Mysteries and Midsomer Murders the audio used is either diegetic: visible on screen sound or non-diegetic sound: sound that is neither visible nor has it been implied to be present this includes sound effects for dramatic effects and/or mood music. Although the audio can be scarce, when used, it provides a large impact as it is used a climax or when a major event has occurred, the murder is in practise, the case is finally solved and a suspect is being interrogated. Visual is used to co-operate with the mysterious nature of the story and so, various narrative codes are in the visual of crime fiction. Flashbacks are used to give the audience information, showing aspects of a characters past which could contribute to their understanding of the crime and/or narrative. Point-of-view shots allow the audience to see the action from different perspectives even specifically the m urderers or victims eyes to build tension and suspense. Many other film techniques are used in crime fiction television dramas including the privileged spectator positons, places where the audience is shown aspects of the narrative that other characters cannot or will not be able to see and enigma codes, where the camera many only show some of the narrative, leaving the audience with unanswered questions. These visual and audio aspects are the appeal and thrill of crime drama that captures the audience to be addicted to the genre. But, why are television crime dramas important to the television industry and gain such an audience, one may ask? Crime Fiction is a well-established drama, ever rapidly growing as technology is established. They have high production values, a strong, rich narrative with much thought, literacy devices and elements used that not anyone can create and a range of characters and suspects. They reflect the real-life issues which are of relevance towards an audience. Finally, the thrill and popularity of Crime Fiction Television Dramas is for clearly one of multiple reasons, the audience is involved alongside the detectives to solve the impossible crime.

Investigating Interference in Response Time

Investigating Interference in Response Time Saran Singh Sound An experiment to investigate Interference in response time Abstract In my investigation I have replicated the Stroop Effect, which is a test for checking interference in response time and processing. This effect has been useful as it helps us understand that brain’s reaction time slows down when there is conflicting stimuli. In my investigation i wanted to check for the difference in the response time participants take when a colored block stimulus is compared to a conflicting stimulus. For the collection of data for this experiment participants were conveniently chosen i.e. the students were sent into the classroom as an when they were free. In the experiment I recorded the response time of each participant until they finished the whole task. For the purpose of this investigation, standard deviation was used as a statistic measure. It was hypothesized that participants would have increased response time in the conflicting stimuli as it had interference. Our replicated study seems to match the same. Word Count: 152 Introduction Automatic processing can be defined as processes that do not require attention; they can often be performed along with other tasks without interference.[1] The Stroop Effect tested how automatic processing works. J. Ridley Stroop (1935) aimed to demonstrate the effect of interference in the reaction time. Stroop used only five colors (red, blue, green, brown, and purple) for his stimuli and conducted three separate experiments. He tested different number of participants for each of his experiments. In his first experiment he made his seventy undergraduate college participants (14 male and 56 female) read two stimuli and call out the color name in both cases. Stimulus-one was a list of color names printed in black ink and stimulus-two was a list of colors written in conflicting/contradictory ink, i.e., blue written in red ink. For the second experiment, Stroop used 100 participants (88 college undergraduates, 29 males and 59 females, and 12 graduate students, all females) who were als o made to read two stimuli. Stimulus-one was a list of colored square boxes and stimulus-two was a list of color names printed in conflicting/contradictory ink. The participants were made to call out the color the words and blocks are printed in. In his last experiment, Stroop replicated experiment two in the same manner except for two things. One he used thirty two undergraduates’ participants from the University of Arizona and second he replaced the colored blocks with colored swastikas. The results of Stroops’ experiment were: Naming of the ink color in the neutral stimuli was faster than in the conflicting stimulus which is semantic interference. When participants were asked to name the word instead of the ink color semantic interference disappeared. In this study we have replicated the Stroop Effect and our aim and hypothesis is that there would be an increase in the response time for the conflicting stimuli Method Design Repeated measures were used for this experiment. Using repeated measures helped us control any effects that might be attributed to personal characteristics of the participants, such as age and gender and if random measures were used we wouldn’t have truly known the effect of interference on response time. The independent variable for my experiment was the two-stimulus and the dependent variable was the response time taken in seconds to identify the color of the ink in both the stimuli; colored block stimuli and contradictory ink stimuli. The instructions and procedure was kept constant for each participant. During the experiment, ethical considerations were made. Participants data was kept anonymous, were given right to withdraw and were debriefed[2] after the experiment. They were also made to sign an informed consent form[3] at their own wish and will before the experiment was conducted. Participants The participants in this experiment were conveniently chosen Jamnabai Narsee School IB Seniors population non psychology students. Convenience sampling was used because at the time of conducting this experiment regular classes were functioning in the School and only the students who were free at that time were chosen to participate. A total of ten participants out of 98 students in the seniors’ population were used for this experiment; 7 male and 3 female. The participants’ age ranged from sixteen to seventeen. All of the participants were fluent with English and were from the same educational and cultural background. Materials Standardized Instructions[4] Informed Consent[5] Matrix of colored blocks printed on blank sheet of paper- Colored block stimulus[6] Matrix of color names printed in contradictory ink on blank sheet of paper-Conflicting stimulus[7] Post task questions[8] Debriefing[9] Digital stopwatch  ±0.01s Pens Procedure The materials for this experiment were prepared using word processing and photo editing software. The steps for carrying out the experiment were as follows: Participants were tested individually in a classroom in Jamnabai Narsee School. The researcher read out the standardized instructions[10] out loud. Then the informed consent[11] was handed out to be signed. Instructions on performing the task first condition (Colored block stimulus)[12]-were read aloud to the participants The participants were then informed to begin the task on the count of 3. After the participant finished speaking out all the color names the stopwatch was stopped and the time was noted. The participants were then instructed on the second condition (Word stimulus)[13]. They were told to begin the new task at the count of 3. The stopwatch was stopped immediately after they finished the task and the time was noted. The post task questions[14] were handed over to the participants after they had finished their tasks. Lastly, the researcher debriefed[15] the participants on the nature of the experiment. Before the participants left they were thanked and instructed not to reveal their participation in this experiment in order to avoid revealing of the aim of this experiment. Results From the mean measure on Table 1, it can be deduced that the conflicting word stimulus had higher response times than the colored block stimulus. The colored block stimulus had response times close to the mean because it has a low standard deviation. The mean was calculated for this experiment as it measures the central tendency for the response time and furthermore, mean encompasses all the data. The standard deviation shows us how far the values tend to be from the mean. Calculations[16] Table 1: Mean response time and standard deviation of Colored Block Stimulus and Conflicting Word Stimulus Figure 1: Comparison of the mean response time for Colored Block Stimulus and Conflicting Word Stimulus. Discussion Colored Block Stimulus and Conflicting Word Stimulus have a mean of 17.0 and 24.8 seconds respectively. The difference in the time for both the stimulus suggests that response time was indeed greater for the conflicting word stimulus than that of the colored block stimulus which supports my hypothesis. This was because of the conflicting factors that caused interference and slowed processing speeds. This study matches the results found from the original Stroop Effect experiment[17]. The standard deviation value indicates that at some point of time there were errors in the experiment. While the execution of the experiment was simple, there were a few improvements which could have been made to ensure better results. The font size of the text was really small which increased the difficulty in reading it. The use of a slightly bigger font size would be beneficial. There were a few noises in the classroom which may have affected the participant’s concentration. Reassuring that there are no disturbances in the classroom during the experiment would be advantageous. There could also be an error in time from the researcher as there is a delay in the time at which the participant finishes the task and the time at which the researcher stops the stopwatch. The gender distribution for the experiment weren’t equal i.e. 7 male and 3 female participants. Some of the factors mentioned above could be the reason for the high standard deviation value. Therefore, after analyzing the data we can conclude that the hypothesis of my experiment was met even though there were some flaws in the experiment. References Stroop R, J. (n.d.), Stroop Effect, STUDIES OF INTERFERENCE IN SERIAL VERBAL REACTIONS. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643-662. Retrieved August 16, 2014 from http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Stroop/ Gerrig, R., Zimbardo, P. (2002, January 1). Glossary of Psychological Terms. Retrieved October 30, 2014, from http://www.apa.org/research/action/glossary.aspx Resnik, D. (2011, May 1). National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Retrieved October 30, 2014, from http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis Appendices Appendix 1 Standardized Instructions: Appendix 2 Informed Consent: Appendix 3 Stimulus 1: Appendix 4 Stimulus 2 Appendix 5 Post Task Questions: Appendix 6 Debriefing: Appendix 7 Raw Data: Sample Standard Deviation calculation = = 1.7s [1] Gerrig, R., Zimbardo, P. (2002, January 1). Glossary of Psychological Terms. Retrieved October 30, 2014, from http://www.apa.org/research/action/glossary.aspx [2] Appendix 6 [3] Appendix 2 [4] Appendix 1 [5] Appendix 2 [6] Appendix 3 [7] Appendix 4 [8] Appendix 5 [9] Appendix 6 [10] Appendix 1 [11] Appendix 2 [12] Appendix 3 [13] Appendix 4 [14] Appendix 5 [15] Appendix 6 [16] Appendix 7 [17] Stroop R, J. (n.d.), Stroop Effect, STUDIES OF INTERFERENCE IN SERIAL VERBAL REACTIONS. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643-662. Retrieved August 16, 2014 from http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Stroop/

Allied and Central Powers :: essays research papers

Allied Powers Fance has not forgotton its humiliating defeat at the hands of Germany in 1871. France was waiting for the chance to reestablish its power on the continent. France was willing to ally itself with another longtime enemy, Britain, to strenghten its hand against Germany. Great Britain had traditionally followed a policy of neutrality, which served it well. Yet some Britains were now calling for a new alliances, to counter the rising power of the German Empire. Britain depended on industrial strength for survival. Germany was a threat to that strength, as well as to Britains naval power. Russia had been defeated by the Japanese in 1905 and was troubled by unrest within borders. Russia felt a need to prove its strength to the other nations of Europe. It also desired to extend its influence and protection over Slavs in Balkan countries. Central Powers The German Empire had been created in 1871. Included in its territory were the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine, taken from France. Now Germany was the leading power on the Continent. But Germany was not secure. Directly to the west was France, waiting for the chance to reclaim Alsace-Lorraine. To the east was Russia, recently allied with France. And on the seas the rapidly growing German navy competed with the more powerful British navy. The Austro-Hungarian, Empire was not a nation of one people, but an empire of many nationalitites. The peoples that made up the empire were mainly Austrians, Hungarians, and Slavs. But the Austrians and Hungarians ruled the empire. Many SLavs who lived in the provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina wanted to be part of the new nation of Serbia. Furthermore, Rumania and Italy had designs on territory within the empire. Russian ambitions in the Balkans brought them into conflict with the Austro-Hungarians.

A Reading of Blakes A Cradle Song Essay -- William Blake S. Foster Da

"A Cradle Song" S. Foster Damon's 1947 reading of "A Cradle Song" indicates that most early critics accepted Isaac Watts' Hush! my dear, lie still and slumber as the model for Blake's poem. However, Damon claims that "There is no more resemblance [between the two works]than there must be between any two cradle-songs. He also claims that the designs of the second plate have a "Raphaelesque hardness, which is in this day not pleasant." Vivian de Sola Pinto acknowledges the connections between "A Cradle Song" and Watts' work made by Damon and others but notes that no critic has yet explored the relationship between Blake's and Watts' work in detail, a task she takes on in her 1957 study. Placing Watts' "A Cradle Hymn" side-by-side with Blake's "A Cradle Song," de Sola Pinto analyzes their thematic and prosodic similarities and differences, ultimately reading Blake's song as the "delogicalization" of Watts' hymn. In his 1959 reading of "A Cradle Song," Robert F. Gleckner asserts that it is an expression of Blake's concept of moving into the realm of higher innocence citing as evidence that after 1815, Blake always followed "A Cradle Song" with "The Divine Image" in the sequence of Songs of Innocence. Gleckner discusses the movement from "pleasant dreams" and "sweet smiles" to "moans" and "weeping" as the movement from innocence into experience and ultimate innocence, "the hope of mankind" which is "the ultimate negation of self." Gleckner claims that this "song" is actually a "prayer," the same prayer mentioned in "The Divine Image." Hazard Adams' 1963 reading asserts that the poem is both a song and a "prayer for the continued innocence of the child." Adams classifies the poem as one of Blake's lullabies which Adams claims ... ...iam Blake. Cambridge: UP, 1973. Gleckner, Robert F. The Piper and the Bard: A Study of William Blake. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1959. Glen, Heather. Vision and Disenchantment: Blake's Songs and Wordsworth's Lyrical Ballads. Cambridge: UP, 1983. Hirsch, E.D. Innocence and Experience: An Introduction to William Blake. Chicago: UP, 1964. Holloway, John. Blake: The Lyric Poet. London: Edward Arnold, Ltd., 1968. Keynes, Geoffrey. Commentary. Songs of Innocence and of Experience Shewing the Two Contrary States of the Human Soul. By William Blake. 1789,1794. New York: Orion, 1967. Leader, Zachary. Reading Blake's Songs. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1981. Lindsay, David W. Blake: Songs of Innocence and Experience. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, Int., 1989. Ostriker, Alicia. Vision and Verse in William Blake. Madison: U Wisconsin P, 1965.

Management Concepts Essay

Case for critical thinking: A flood of decisions 1. What information sources (or potential information sources) could have been used to assist with the decision-making process for Wivenhoe Dam in this case? Potential information sources that could have been used to assist with the decision-making process for Wivenhoe Dam -SEQWater -Sought advice from Water Grid Manager -Water Commission -DERM (Department of Environmental Resource Management) Managerial decision-making Problem avoiders Problem solvers Problem seekers Approaches to decision making Classical decision model Behavioral decision model Judgmental decision model 2. With references to decision-making theory covered in the chapter, describe the type of managerial decision-making evident in this case, and the conditions under which decisions were made. Managerial Decision Making *Problem avoidably *Problem solvers *Problem seekers Decision conditions: *Certain environment *Risk environment *Uncertain environment 3. Evaluate the decisions made in the case in relation to the classical, behavioural and judgmental heuristics approaches to decision-making that are outlined in the chapter. Which model do you believe best describes the situation and subsequent decision-making process in this case? Justify your answer? Approaches to decision making ^Classical decision model ^Behavioral decision model ^Judgmental decision model Case decision *Classical decision model Problem: it was the flood that damage Brisbane and Ipswich Possible alternative: Not releasing flood waters. Consequently threatened stability of dam Optimizing decision: Release of flood waters being aware of potential damage. SWOT Analysis: Strengths: *New technology *They set priorities *Manage time Weakness: Lack of communication Misunderstanding Misconduct Problem solving Crisis Opportunities: *Professional engineer *Employment Threats: Natural disaster (climate change) Damage roads and homes. Conclusion People should make wise decision to save the lifes of the others.

Moral compass Essay

In my past 18 years, I have been living in an environment that people telling me what should I do and what should I not to do. My mum taught me to be a good role model for my younger sister, my dad told me to study hard so I can have a good future. By going to school, teachers teach me that what is ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ from the textbook and I have also been learning that from the TV, newspaper and radio. The mass media is always a channel for me to receive what is ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ about the social. For example, there are critics about the politics, environmental issues etc.From time to time, my moral compass had been shaped by my parents and the social norms. Human beings always place their own interest on the top priority while thinking of what they should do. My moral compass go wrong without recognising that it had done so because I wanted to satisfy my own wish and do something that others taught me was ‘wrong’ before. I remember I was at the age of seven, I went to a stationary shop with my parents and I discovered a beautiful ruler. I begged my parents to buy it for me but they said it was too expensive and I had already got a lot of rulers at home so they refused to buy. At that moment, my moral compass told me not to steal the ruler because it is illegal to do so. However, I really liked the ruler so I put it inside my pocket secretly when no one is looking at me. It was the first and the last time I steal from a shop. After I went back home, I found out that the ruler was not as beautiful as the time I first glanced on it. I just steal it because of a moment f wanting to own it. I am still keeping the ruler until now in my drawer because I wanted to remind myself that I should not do something wrong because of greed. I want to be perfect at all times. I think I am a typical Virgo because Virgo is always seeking for the perfection. Therefore, I would like to try my best not to do anything disappoint the others which bring a big pressure to me. At home, I have a younger sister and my parents always tell me to be a role model for her to follow. When I was small, I was the only child in my home so I can do whatever I like as long as my parents allow me to do so. Now, I have to behave well in front of my sister. My moral compass tells me what to do as a good sister and this always stop me from what I really want to do in my heart. It upsets me because ‘role model’ has become a burden for  me to do something I really like. For example, I would like to learn street dance but my mother rejected it with not to affect adversely on my sister. She thought that I should put more effort on studying but not something which is not related to academic. In school, I am the pianist of the school choir and I am responsible for the playing the piano part in different occasion. When I was in form 1, I was told to be the pianist for the Speech Day and it really affected my life in secondary school a lot. Since all the pianists playing in Speech Day were in Form 5 before, I became the youngest pianist ever in my school. People questioned why I can stand on the stage because they think I am not qualified for that. I would like to do my best every time on stage so that people would agree with me and understand the effort that I have paid. As a result, I have tremendous pressure as my moral compass tells me to perform well before going out to perform as there are a lot of people looking at me and I would want to show them I am excellent player. Moral compass is easily affected by others. I am a person always get lost although I know clearly what should I do. I went to the Occupy Central movement last week for a consecutive five days. When I was small, my parents always tell me about the bad things of Chinese government, for instance, how they control the press and people’s freedom. My moral compass has been shaping since that time by absorbing the comments on the Chinese government and I think that being against the leftist is correct. So at that time, I thought I am a Hong Kong student who should be fighting for Hong Kong democracy so I should stand out. I know that the movement would affect the neighbourhood as this will disturb their life and bring them inconvenience, however, I still believe that civil disobedience is the only way to help with Hong Kong’s future. However, the comments and critics from radio and newspaper saying that the Occupying movement only bring harm to the society rather than benefit. I started to questioned myself â€Å"Am I really doing the right thing?† and this makes me hesitate to join the protest sometimes. On the other hand, my parents support me joining the protest as they think it is right to fight for justice. Therefore, I am always in a situation which is not sure about am I doing what I suppose to do because my moral compass changes once I receive different comment from the others. To sum up, moral compass is good because it comes out by listening to the others from time to time in order to give me a view of ‘right’ and ‘wrong’. It guides me to what is correct and remind me what do do every time when I am facing dilemma. However, moral compass maybe a limit for me as I want to please the others so I give up doing something I actually want to do. I am still learning not to be affected by the others easily and believe in my own moral compass.

Deception Point Page 91

Rachel stood in silence as the Bathynomous pages rolled out of the printer. She tried to tell herself this was all an honest NASA mistake, but she knew it was not. People who made honest mistakes didn't try to kill people. The nasal voice of Corky echoed suddenly across the lab. â€Å"Impossible!† Both Tolland and Rachel turned. â€Å"Measure the damn ratio again! It makes no sense!† Xavia came hurrying in with a computer printout clutched in her hand. Her face was ashen. â€Å"Mike, I don't know how to say this†¦ † Her voice cracked. â€Å"The titanium/zirconium ratios we're seeing in this sample?† She cleared her throat. â€Å"It's pretty obvious that NASA made a huge mistake. Their meteorite is an ocean rock.† Tolland and Rachel looked at each other but neither spoke a word. They knew. Just like that, all the suspicions and doubts had swelled up like the crest of a wave, reaching the breaking point. Tolland nodded, a sadness in his eyes. â€Å"Yeah. Thanks, Xavia.† â€Å"But I don't understand,† Xavia said. â€Å"The fusion crust†¦ the location in the ice-â€Å" â€Å"We'll explain on the way to shore,† Tolland said. â€Å"We're leaving.† Quickly, Rachel collected all the papers and evidence they now had. The evidence was shockingly conclusive: the GPR printout showing the insertion shaft in the Milne Ice Shelf; photos of a living sea louse resembling NASA's fossil; Dr. Pollock's article on ocean chondrules; and microprobe data showing ultradepleted zirconium in the meteorite. The conclusion was undeniable. Fraud. Tolland looked at the stack of papers in Rachel's hands and heaved a melancholy sigh. â€Å"Well, I'd say William Pickering has his proof.† Rachel nodded, again wondering why Pickering had not answered his phone. Tolland lifted the receiver of a nearby phone, holding it out for her. â€Å"You want to try him again from here?† â€Å"No, let's get moving. I'll try to contact him from the chopper.† Rachel had already decided if she could not make contact with Pickering, she'd have the Coast Guard fly them directly to the NRO, only about 180 miles. Tolland began to hang up the phone, but he paused. Looking confused, he listened to the receiver, frowning. â€Å"Bizarre. No dial tone.† â€Å"What do you mean?† Rachel said, wary now. â€Å"Weird,† Tolland said. â€Å"Direct COMSAT lines never lose carrier-â€Å" â€Å"Mr. Tolland?† The Coast Guard pilot came rushing into the lab, his face white. â€Å"What is it?† Rachel demanded. â€Å"Is someone coming?† â€Å"That's the problem,† the pilot said. â€Å"I don't know. All onboard radar and communications have just gone dead.† Rachel stuffed the papers deep inside her shirt. â€Å"Get in the helicopter. We're leaving. NOW!† 109 Gabrielle's heart was racing as she crossed the darkened office of Senator Sexton. The room was as expansive as it was elegant-ornate wood-paneled walls, oil paintings, Persian carpets, leather rivet chairs, and a gargantuan mahogany desk. The room was lit only by the eerie neon glow of Sexton's computer screen. Gabrielle moved toward his desk. Senator Sexton had embraced the â€Å"digital office† to maniacal proportions, eschewing the overflow of file cabinets for the compact, searchable simplicity of his personal computer, into which he fed enormous amounts of information-digitized meeting notes, scanned articles, speeches, brainstorms. Sexton's computer was his sacred ground, and he kept his office locked at all times to protect it. He even refused to connect to the Internet for fear of hackers infiltrating his sacred digital vault. A year ago Gabrielle would never have believed any politician would be stupid enough to store copies of self-incriminating documents, but Washington had taught her a lot. Information is power. Gabrielle had been amazed to learn that a common practice among politicians who accepted questionable campaign contributions was to keep actual proof of those donations-letters, bank records, receipts, logs-all hidden away in a safe place. This counterblackmail tactic, euphemistically known in Washington as â€Å"Siamese insurance,† protected candidates from donors who felt their generosity somehow authorized them to assert undue political pressure on a candidate. If a contributor got too demanding, the candidate could simply produce evidence of the illegal donation and remind the donor that both parties had broken the law. The evidence ensured that candidates and donors were joined at the hip forever-like Siamese twins. Gabrielle slipped behind the senator's desk and sat down. She took a deep breath, looking at his computer. If the senator is accepting SFF bribes, any evidence would be in here. Sexton's computer screensaver was an ongoing slideshow of the White House and its grounds created for him by one of his gung-ho staffers who was big into visualization and positive thinking. Around the images crawled a ticker-tape banner that read: President of the United States Sedgewick Sexton†¦ President of the United States Sedgewick Sexton†¦ President of the†¦ Gabrielle jostled the mouse, and a security dialogue box came up. Enter Password:_ She expected this. It would not be a problem. Last week, Gabrielle had entered Sexton's office just as the senator was sitting down and logging onto his computer. She saw him type three short keystrokes in rapid succession. â€Å"That's a password?† she challenged from the doorway as she walked in. Sexton glanced up. â€Å"What?† â€Å"And here I thought you were concerned about security,† Gabrielle scolded good-naturedly. â€Å"Your password's only three keys? I thought the tech guys told us all to use at least six.† â€Å"The tech guys are teenagers. They should try remembering six random letters when they're over forty. Besides, the door has an alarm. Nobody can get in.† Gabrielle walked toward him, smiling. â€Å"What if someone slipped in while you're in the loo?† â€Å"And tried every combination of passwords?† He gave a skeptical laugh. â€Å"I'm slow in the bathroom, but not that slow.† â€Å"Dinner at Davide says I can guess your password in ten seconds.† Sexton looked intrigued and amused. â€Å"You can't afford Davide, Gabrielle.† â€Å"So you're saying you're chicken?† Sexton appeared almost sorry for her as he accepted the challenge. â€Å"Ten seconds?† He logged off and motioned for Gabrielle to sit down and give it a try. â€Å"You know I only order the saltimbocca at Davide. And that ain't cheap.† She shrugged as she sat down. â€Å"It's your money.† Enter Password:_ â€Å"Ten seconds,† Sexton reminded. Gabrielle had to laugh. She would need only two. Even from the doorway she could see that Sexton had entered his three-key password in very rapid succession using only his index finger. Obviously all the same key. Not wise. She could also see that his hand had been positioned over the far left side of his keyboard-cutting the possible alphabet down to only about nine letters. Choosing the letter was simple; Sexton had always loved the triple alliteration of his title. Senator Sedgewick Sexton. Never underestimate the ego of a politician. She typed SSS, and the screensaver evaporated. Sexton's jaw hit the floor. That had been last week. Now, as Gabrielle faced his computer again, she was certain Sexton would not have taken time yet to figure out how to set up a different password. Why would he? He trusts me implicitly. She typed in SSS. Invalid Password – Access Denied Gabrielle stared in shock. Apparently she had overestimated her senator's level of trust. 110 The attack came without warning. Low out of the southwest sky above the Goya, the lethal silhouette of a gunship helicopter bore down like a giant wasp. Rachel had no doubt what it was, or why it was here.

Nursing Care Plan

Health ProblemFamily Nursing ProblemsGoal of CareObjectives of CareIntervention Plan Nursing InterventionsRationaleMethod of Nurse-Family ContactEvaluation Unhealthful lifestyle and personal habits specifically cigarette smoking as a health threat. 1. Inability to recognize the presence of the problem due to Inadequate knowledge 2. Inability to make decisions with respect to taking appropriate health action due to fear of consequences of action, specifically physical consequences 3. Inability to provide adequate nursing care to the at-risk member of the family due to: A. Inadequate knowledge about the disease or health condition B. Lack of the necessary facilities, equipment and supplies for care 4. Inability to provide a home environment conducive to health maintenance due to lack of knowledge of preventive measures 5. Failure to utilize community resources for health care due to inadequate knowledge of community resources for health care After nursing intervention, Rusty Cacal with the help of his family members will be able to lessen the cigarettes he smokes from 10 sticks to 15 sticks a day to gradual cessation of smoking Objectives 1. After discussing the definition of cigarette smoking, the family will be able to state the meaning of cigarette smoking accurately within 3 minutes. 2. After 10 minutes of discussion, the family will be able to enumerate the components of cigarette completely in 5 minutes. 3. Given the components of cigarette, the family will be able to state at least 8 out of 11 effects of nicotine in 8 minutes. 4. Given the components of cigarette, the family will be able to state the effects of tar completely in 5 minutes 5. After discussing the effects of nicotine and tar, the family will be able to distinguish the effects of addiction in cigarette smoke within 5 minutes. 6. After 15 minutes of discussion, the family will be able to discuss 7 out of 9 management on how to reduce the # of cigarette smoked per day within 8 minutes. 7. Given a sample of a time table, the family will be able to formulate a schedule on the reduction of # of sticks of cigarette smoked per day within 20 minutes. 8. In a day-to-day basis, the clients will be able to practice the formulated schedule plan in 1 month and 2 weeks. Developmental 1. The health care provider will discuss the meaning of cigarette smoking. 2. The health care provider will enumerate the components of cigarette. 3. The health care provider will discuss the effects of nicotine. 4. The health care provider will discuss the effects of tar. 5. The health care provider will distinguish the effects of addiction in cigarette smoking. 6. The health care provider will discuss the different management on how to reduce the # of cigarette smoked per day 7. The health care provider will provide a sample of a time table. She will guide the client in formulating her schedule for 1 month 8. The HCP will monitor the clients’ compliance to the formulated schedule 1. Discussing the meaning of cigarette smoking will enable the clients to have a wide understanding about this habit and be aware that smoking contributes significantly to diseases that shortens life and is leading cause of death like heart attack, stroke, respiratory diseases which make smokers â€Å"pulmonary cripples† as in asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, recurrent infections, and cancer. *Ref: http://doh. gov. ph/tobacco/aboutsmoking. tm 2. Discussing the components of cigarettes will enable the clients to be aware of the possible effects of the listed components *Ref: http://www. knowledgebasescript. com/ emo/article-393. html 3. Discussing the effects of nicotine will enable the clients to know the medical consequences of nicotine exposure *Ref: Psychology Today Staff Originally published by Psychology Today:2002/10/10 4. Disc ussing the effects of tar will enable the clients to know how it affects their respiratory tract. *Ref: Janice A. Dye and Kenneth B. Adler; http://www. pubmedcentral. nih. ov/pagerender. fcgi? artid=475133 &pageindex=1#page 5. Discussing the effects of smoking addiction give the conclusion that there are many health effects of smoking cigarettes products and not one of them are beneficial. It's not an exaggeration; it is reality that smoking tobacco does unquestionably not only destroy client's well being but also health of acquaintances and family around her. *Ref: Winn, Jackie (2008), â€Å"No Positive Effects From Smoking Can Be Found†. September 28, 2008, from http://ezinearticles. com/? No-Positive-Effects-From-Smoking-Can-Be-Found&id=1290284 6. Discussing the different management on how to reduce the use of cigarette smoke per day increases quit rates by 30 percent. Every person who uses cigarettes should be offered at least brief advice to quit smoking. More intensive counseling and medications are even more effective and should be provided to all cigarette users willing to use them. *Ref:CORINNE G. HUSTEN, ABBY C. ROSENTHAL, MICAH H. MILTON, The Gale Group Inc. , Macmillan Reference USA, New York, Gale Encyclopedia of Public Health, 2002 7. Providing sample time table will help the clients to guide the client in making a checklist or schedule on reducing and quitting smoking. Ref: The lung Asssociation; http://www. lung. ca/protect-protegez/tobacco-tabagisme/quitting-cesser/how-comment_e. php#list 8. Monitoring clients’ compliance to the formulated schedule will able the clients to apply their schedule and reduce the number of cigarettes thrysmoked per day *Ref:http://www. healthline. com/adamcontent/smoking-tips-o n-how-to-quit? utm_source=z_smoking_cessation&utm_medium=google&utm_campaign=adam&utm_term=how%20to%20quit%20smoking Home VisitEffectiveness: 1. Was the family able to define cigarette smoking? Yes__ No__ Why? Efficiency: Was the time, materials, human resources used economically? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Adequacy : Was the no. of intervention sufficient? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Appropriateness: Was the no. of intervention, setting, time table, realistic to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Acceptability: Was the intervention suitable to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Effectiveness: 2. Was the family able to enumerate the components of cigarette? Yes__ No__ Why? Efficiency: Was the time, materials, human resources used economically? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Adequacy : Was the no. of intervention sufficient? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Appropriateness: Was the no. of intervention, setting, time table, realistic to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Acceptability: Was the intervention suitable to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Effectiveness: 3. Was the family able to discuss the effects of nicotine Yes__ No__ Why? Efficiency: Was the time, materials, human resources used economically? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Adequacy : Was the no. of intervention sufficient? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Appropriateness: Was the no. of intervention, setting, time table, realistic to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Acceptability: Was the intervention suitable to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Effectiveness: 4. Was the family able to discuss the effects of tar Yes__ No__ Why? Efficiency: Was the time, materials, human resources used economically? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Adequacy : Was the no. of intervention sufficient? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Appropriateness: Was the no. of intervention, setting, time table, realistic to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Acceptability: Was the intervention suitable to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Effectiveness: 5. Was the family able to discuss the effects of addiction in cigarette smoking? Yes__ No__ Why? Efficiency: Was the time, materials, human resources used economically? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Adequacy : Was the no. of intervention sufficient? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Appropriateness: Was the no. of intervention, setting, time table, realistic to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? _ Acceptability: Was the intervention suitable to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Effectiveness: 6. Was the family able to discuss the different management on how to reduce the # of cigarette smoked per day Yes__ No__ Why? Efficiency: Was the time, materials, human resources used economically? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Adequacy : Was the no. of intervention sufficient? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Appropriateness: Was the no. of intervention, setting, time table, realistic to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Acceptability: Was the intervention suitable to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Effectiveness: 7. Was the family able to formulate a schedule on the reduction of # of sticks of cigarette smoked per day Yes__ No__ Why? Efficiency: Was the time, materials, human resources used economically? Yes__ No__ Nursing Care Plan Health ProblemFamily Nursing ProblemsGoal of CareObjectives of CareIntervention Plan Nursing InterventionsRationaleMethod of Nurse-Family ContactEvaluation Unhealthful lifestyle and personal habits specifically cigarette smoking as a health threat. 1. Inability to recognize the presence of the problem due to Inadequate knowledge 2. Inability to make decisions with respect to taking appropriate health action due to fear of consequences of action, specifically physical consequences 3. Inability to provide adequate nursing care to the at-risk member of the family due to: A. Inadequate knowledge about the disease or health condition B. Lack of the necessary facilities, equipment and supplies for care 4. Inability to provide a home environment conducive to health maintenance due to lack of knowledge of preventive measures 5. Failure to utilize community resources for health care due to inadequate knowledge of community resources for health care After nursing intervention, Rusty Cacal with the help of his family members will be able to lessen the cigarettes he smokes from 10 sticks to 15 sticks a day to gradual cessation of smoking Objectives 1. After discussing the definition of cigarette smoking, the family will be able to state the meaning of cigarette smoking accurately within 3 minutes. 2. After 10 minutes of discussion, the family will be able to enumerate the components of cigarette completely in 5 minutes. 3. Given the components of cigarette, the family will be able to state at least 8 out of 11 effects of nicotine in 8 minutes. 4. Given the components of cigarette, the family will be able to state the effects of tar completely in 5 minutes 5. After discussing the effects of nicotine and tar, the family will be able to distinguish the effects of addiction in cigarette smoke within 5 minutes. 6. After 15 minutes of discussion, the family will be able to discuss 7 out of 9 management on how to reduce the # of cigarette smoked per day within 8 minutes. 7. Given a sample of a time table, the family will be able to formulate a schedule on the reduction of # of sticks of cigarette smoked per day within 20 minutes. 8. In a day-to-day basis, the clients will be able to practice the formulated schedule plan in 1 month and 2 weeks. Developmental 1. The health care provider will discuss the meaning of cigarette smoking. 2. The health care provider will enumerate the components of cigarette. 3. The health care provider will discuss the effects of nicotine. 4. The health care provider will discuss the effects of tar. 5. The health care provider will distinguish the effects of addiction in cigarette smoking. 6. The health care provider will discuss the different management on how to reduce the # of cigarette smoked per day 7. The health care provider will provide a sample of a time table. She will guide the client in formulating her schedule for 1 month 8. The HCP will monitor the clients’ compliance to the formulated schedule 1. Discussing the meaning of cigarette smoking will enable the clients to have a wide understanding about this habit and be aware that smoking contributes significantly to diseases that shortens life and is leading cause of death like heart attack, stroke, respiratory diseases which make smokers â€Å"pulmonary cripples† as in asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, recurrent infections, and cancer. *Ref: http://doh. gov. ph/tobacco/aboutsmoking. tm 2. Discussing the components of cigarettes will enable the clients to be aware of the possible effects of the listed components *Ref: http://www. knowledgebasescript. com/ emo/article-393. html 3. Discussing the effects of nicotine will enable the clients to know the medical consequences of nicotine exposure *Ref: Psychology Today Staff Originally published by Psychology Today:2002/10/10 4. Disc ussing the effects of tar will enable the clients to know how it affects their respiratory tract. *Ref: Janice A. Dye and Kenneth B. Adler; http://www. pubmedcentral. nih. ov/pagerender. fcgi? artid=475133 &pageindex=1#page 5. Discussing the effects of smoking addiction give the conclusion that there are many health effects of smoking cigarettes products and not one of them are beneficial. It's not an exaggeration; it is reality that smoking tobacco does unquestionably not only destroy client's well being but also health of acquaintances and family around her. *Ref: Winn, Jackie (2008), â€Å"No Positive Effects From Smoking Can Be Found†. September 28, 2008, from http://ezinearticles. com/? No-Positive-Effects-From-Smoking-Can-Be-Found&id=1290284 6. Discussing the different management on how to reduce the use of cigarette smoke per day increases quit rates by 30 percent. Every person who uses cigarettes should be offered at least brief advice to quit smoking. More intensive counseling and medications are even more effective and should be provided to all cigarette users willing to use them. *Ref:CORINNE G. HUSTEN, ABBY C. ROSENTHAL, MICAH H. MILTON, The Gale Group Inc. , Macmillan Reference USA, New York, Gale Encyclopedia of Public Health, 2002 7. Providing sample time table will help the clients to guide the client in making a checklist or schedule on reducing and quitting smoking. Ref: The lung Asssociation; http://www. lung. ca/protect-protegez/tobacco-tabagisme/quitting-cesser/how-comment_e. php#list 8. Monitoring clients’ compliance to the formulated schedule will able the clients to apply their schedule and reduce the number of cigarettes thrysmoked per day *Ref:http://www. healthline. com/adamcontent/smoking-tips-o n-how-to-quit? utm_source=z_smoking_cessation&utm_medium=google&utm_campaign=adam&utm_term=how%20to%20quit%20smoking Home VisitEffectiveness: 1. Was the family able to define cigarette smoking? Yes__ No__ Why? Efficiency: Was the time, materials, human resources used economically? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Adequacy : Was the no. of intervention sufficient? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Appropriateness: Was the no. of intervention, setting, time table, realistic to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Acceptability: Was the intervention suitable to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Effectiveness: 2. Was the family able to enumerate the components of cigarette? Yes__ No__ Why? Efficiency: Was the time, materials, human resources used economically? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Adequacy : Was the no. of intervention sufficient? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Appropriateness: Was the no. of intervention, setting, time table, realistic to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Acceptability: Was the intervention suitable to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Effectiveness: 3. Was the family able to discuss the effects of nicotine Yes__ No__ Why? Efficiency: Was the time, materials, human resources used economically? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Adequacy : Was the no. of intervention sufficient? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Appropriateness: Was the no. of intervention, setting, time table, realistic to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Acceptability: Was the intervention suitable to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Effectiveness: 4. Was the family able to discuss the effects of tar Yes__ No__ Why? Efficiency: Was the time, materials, human resources used economically? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Adequacy : Was the no. of intervention sufficient? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Appropriateness: Was the no. of intervention, setting, time table, realistic to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Acceptability: Was the intervention suitable to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Effectiveness: 5. Was the family able to discuss the effects of addiction in cigarette smoking? Yes__ No__ Why? Efficiency: Was the time, materials, human resources used economically? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Adequacy : Was the no. of intervention sufficient? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Appropriateness: Was the no. of intervention, setting, time table, realistic to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? _ Acceptability: Was the intervention suitable to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Effectiveness: 6. Was the family able to discuss the different management on how to reduce the # of cigarette smoked per day Yes__ No__ Why? Efficiency: Was the time, materials, human resources used economically? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Adequacy : Was the no. of intervention sufficient? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Appropriateness: Was the no. of intervention, setting, time table, realistic to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Acceptability: Was the intervention suitable to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Effectiveness: 7. Was the family able to formulate a schedule on the reduction of # of sticks of cigarette smoked per day Yes__ No__ Why? Efficiency: Was the time, materials, human resources used economically? Yes__ No__ Nursing Care Plan Nursing Care Plan Assessment equals Data Collection + Analysis| Nursing Diagnosis – Actual/Potential| Nursing Goal(SMART)| Nursing Interventions/ActionsInclude Rationale/Reference| Evaluation| Female Age : 85Code status: Full Code initially but changed to DNR on 14/Jan-2012Primary diagnosis: PancytopeniaReason for Hospital Admission: Fall at home. Allergy: PenicillinMedical History: Pacemaker, Hypertension, Fall at home, Bradycardia, Hyperlipidemia. Neurological: Alert, Oriented x 4. Diet as ToleratedActivity as tolerated. Does not want to do physiotherapy.Would prefer to remain in bed. Will only move her arms and legs and adjust as needed. | Activity Intolerance related to weakness, bed rest and immobility as evidenced by client verbalizing lack of interest/desire in activity. Risk for falls related to generalised weakness and impaired mobility as evidenced by client having a history of fall in the past. Hopelessness related to failing or deteriorating physical condition as e videnced by client stating â€Å"Why god is not calling me to him†. | 1. Client will participate in daily activity with vital signs within limit in a week’s time. 2.Client will perform ADLs with some assistance, e. g. , toilets with help ambulating to bathroom, by discharge. 1. Client will not experience a fall by identifying risks that increase susceptibility to falls by the end of the day. 2. Client and caregiver will apply tactics and ways to increase safety and provide a safe home environment. 1. Client will initiate behaviours that may reduce feeling of hopelessness by the end of week. 2. Client will be hopeful verbalizing optimistic plans after she is discharged and reaches home. | 1. Record client’s vitals before and after any activity.Rationale: Variation can be caused by temporary insufficiency of blood supply (Ackley & Ladwig, 2008, p 119). 2. Administer pain medications prior to activity. Rationale: Pain restricts client from performing maximum activi ty and may worsen the movement (Ackley & Ladwig, 2008, p 120). 3. Encourage client to change position gradually, dangle, sit, stand and ambulate as tolerated. Rationale: Performing activities slowly at client’s pace and for shorter periods minimizes fatigue (Kozier, 2010, pg. 1126). 4. Teach the client systematic performance of active ROM exercises to maintain and improve joint mobility.Rationale: These activity increases muscular strength and active movement (Kozier, 2010, pg. 1147). 5. Encourage client plan activities with alternate periods or rest and activity. Rationale: Assistance in planning daily routines that maintain a balance between activity and rest may be necessary to conserve energy (Day, 2010, pg. 1744). 6. Reinforce importance of progressive exercise, emphasizing that joints are to be exercised to the point of pain and not after that. Rationale: Pain occurs as a result of joint or muscle injury.Continued stress on joints or muscles may lead to more serious dam age and limit ability to move (Gulanick &Myers, 2010, pg 136). 1. Place objects used by the client within her reach. Rationale: Client can lose balance and might fall when she is trying to get items that are out of reach (Kozier, pg 775, 2010). 2. Emphasize and educate client about the importance of nutrition especially vitamin D supplementation in relation to reducing fall risk. Rationale: Proper diet along with Vitamin D supplement raises calcium which reduces falls and falls related fractures (Best Practice Guidelines, 2005, Rec. 05). 3. Consult with other health care team members such as OT/PT to help resolve mobility issues. Rationale: Interprofessional collaboration results in a sharing of expertise to enhance the quality of patient care (Kozier, pg 776, 2010). 4. Encourage client to do exercises and activity as tolerated to maintain muscle strength and joint flexibility. Rationale: A routine of exercises such as Tai chi can enhance balance and improve overall muscle strength (Best Practice Guideline, Rec. 2. 1, 2005). 5. Educate client to stay in the lower level of house such as bedroom/washroom or everything in one floor.Rationale: Having all daily required amenities nearby will reduce client’s risk of falling. (Kozier, pg 774, 2010). 6. Increase client’s awareness by highlighting the risk factors associated with falls within home; removing unsafe objects. Rationale: Risk factors such as clutter, unsecure rugs, extra loose tripping clothing and inadequate lighting hampers the motivation for mobility (Kozier, pg 774, 2010). 1. Creating a therapeutic nurse-client relationship by listening attentively and increasing her positivity by talking about her past pleasant experiences.Rationale: Encourage client to share feeling and reflecting on past accomplishments, positive memories and significant milestones (Day, 2010, pg. 434). 2. Encourage client to become involved in activities on the unit like interacting with staff, other clients, particip ating in therapy and recreational activities. Rationale: This will help distract her mind from a preoccupation with her illness (White, 2005, pg. 1326). 3. Provide things to do when client is feeling down, like, crossword puzzle, reading books, watching TV.Rationale: This provides time to shift her attention to more creative activities, and will see the situation not so utterly and hopeless (White, 2005, pg. 1326). 4. Teach client to substitute negative self-talk with positive self-talk. Rationale: Focusing on individual’s strengths and abilities enables and support hope (Day, 2010, pg. 434). 5. Encourage client to spend increased time with family and loved ones. Rationale: Clients who live alone with no family support are more prone to hopelessness (Carpenito-Moyet, 2008, pg. 329). 6.Encourage client to engage in creative activities to tap their resources. For example, music, art, storytelling, quilting etc. Rationale: Expressive arts are framework for identifying personal s trengths (Kozier, 2010, pg. 1440). | 1. Client performs activities within daily limits of vital signs. 2. Based on the pain scale verbalized by client, pain medication is administered 30 minutes prior to the start of daily activity. 3. Client demonstrates changing of positions within her tolerance limits. 4. Client understands and demonstrates ROM exercises to improve her mobility. 5.Client discussed importance of activity and rest patterns to manage energy and prevent fatigue. 6. Client understands importance of exercise and looks forward to physiotherapist appointment and also does regular exercise at home as tolerated. 1. Nurse makes sure that client has all the necessary things in within reach before leaving the room. 2. Client understands importance of nutrition in reducing risk for fall and eats appropriately. 3. Client looks forward to Occupation/Physical Therapy appointments. 4. Client understands importance of exercise and also does regular exercise at home as tolerated. . Client verbalized a plan to make changes at home to ensure safety. 6. Client is aware of potential risk for falls and keeps home clutter free and safe. 1. Client seems positive about her life talking to health care team. 2. Client socializes with other people on the floor and looks forward to any recreational activity. 3. Client sets target to finish some part of her magazines and puzzles book before a certain time of day like before breakfast or lunch comes. 4. Client understands and verbalizes the improvement in her health rather than her initial diagnosis. 5.Client makes plans to meet with family and friends every one or two week as per everyone convenience. 6. Client keeps herself occupied either by reading books, watching TV, listening to music or knitting etc. | References (Day,R. A. , Paul, P. ,Willaims, B. , Smeltzer, S. C. , Bare, B. (2010). Textbook of Canadian Medical-Surgical Nursing (pp. 982-983). Williams & Wilkins. White, L. (2005). Foundations of nursing. Australia U nited States Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Learning. Carpenito-Moyet, L. J. (2008). Nursing care plans & documentation, nursing diagnoses and collaborative problems. 5 ed. ). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Ackley, B. J. , & Ladwig, G. B. (2008). Nursing diagnosis handbook: An evidence-based guide to planning care (8th ed. ). St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier. Kozier, B. , Erb, G. , Berman, A. , Synder, S. , Bouchal, S. R. , & Hirst, S. (2010). Fundamentals of canadian nursing, concepts, process and practice. (2 ed. ). Toronto: Pearson Canada. Gulanick, M. , & Myers, J. L. (2010). Nursing care plans, diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes. (7 ed. ). PA: Mosby.